Risk of Presenting with Poor-Prognosis Metastatic Cancer in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Population-Based Study
by
,
Jessica K. Sheth Bhutada
1,2,*,
Amie E. Hwang
3,4,5,
Lihua Liu
3,4,5,
Kai-Ya Tsai
4,5,
Dennis Deapen
3,4,5 and
David R. Freyer
1,2,3,5,6 1
Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
2
Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
3
USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
4
Los Angeles Cancer Surveillance Program, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
5
Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
6
Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2022, 14(19), 4932; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14194932
Submission received: 18 August 2022
/
Revised: 21 September 2022
/
Accepted: 23 September 2022
/
Published: 8 October 2022
Simple Summary
Despite significant survival improvements for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer overall, several subsets of AYAs lag behind. This is especially true for AYAs diagnosed with metastatic disease, where, for many types of cancer, fewer than 20% of patients are alive 5 years later. Which sociodemographic subgroups of AYAs are at highest risk for presenting with metastatic disease is not well understood. In this study using United States Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program data, we found significantly increased risk of metastatic disease across many cancer sites for non-Hispanic Blacks, males, and low socioeconomic status AYAs. In particular, metastatic melanoma was striking for demonstrating multiple sociodemographic disparities. Results of this study shed light on the relative roles of age, race/ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status in metastatic disease presentation. These will inform future, cancer-specific research to elucidate biological, social, and environmental mechanisms underlying these associations with metastatic disease.
Abstract
Having metastatic disease at diagnosis poses the great risk of death among AYAs with cancer from all sociodemographic subgroups. This “landscape” study utilized United States Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program data from 2000–2016 to identify subgroups of AYAs at highest risk for presenting with metastases across twelve cancer sites having a poor-prognosis (5-year survival <50% with metastases). Adjusted odds ratios for risk of metastatic disease presentation were compared for AYAs in aggregate and by sociodemographic subgroup (race/ethnicity, sex, socioeconomic status [SES]). In general, AYAs who were male, racial/ethnic minorities, or low SES were at consistently greatest risk of metastases. Strikingly, having metastatic melanoma was independently associated with multiple AYA sociodemographic subgroups, including males (aOR 3.11 [95% CI 2.64–3.66]), non-Hispanic Blacks (4.04 [2.32–7.04]), Asian Pacific Islanders (2.99 [1.75–5.12]), Hispanics (2.37 [1.85–3.04]), and low SES (2.30 [1.89–2.80]). Non-Hispanic Blacks were more likely to present with metastatic cancer in all sites, except for bone, rhabdomyosarcoma, and stomach. Low SES AYAs are more likely to present with metastatic melanoma, bone tumors, soft tissue sarcomas, breast, cervical, lung, and stomach carcinomas. Building on these results, future cancer-specific studies should investigate the connection between sociodemographic risk factors and biological drivers of metastases. This line of research has potential to inform targeted public health and screening efforts to facilitate risk reduction and earlier detection of these deadly diseases.
