Implications for Immunotherapy of Breast Cancer by Understanding the Microenvironment of a Solid Tumor
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Breast Cancer Microenvironment
2.1. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAF)
2.2. Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL)
2.3. Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAM)
3. Implications for Immunotherapy of Breast Cancer
3.1. Antibodies
3.2. Nanoparticles
3.3. Cellular Immunotherapy
4. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Title | NCT | Interventions | Cell Target | Phase |
---|---|---|---|---|
HER2-CAR T Cells in Treating Patients With Recurrent Brain or Leptomeningeal Metastases | NCT03696030 [97] | Biological: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy | HER2 | Phase 1; Recruiting |
Autologous huMNC2-CAR44 T Cells for Breast Cancer Targeting Cleaved Form of MUC1 (MUC1*) | NCT04020575 [98] | Biological: huMNC2-CAR44 CAR T cells Biological: huMNC2-CAR44 CAR T cells @ RP2D | MUC1 | Phase 1; Recruiting |
EpCAM CAR-T for Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Breast Cancer | NCT02915445 [99] | Biological: CAR-T cells recognizing EpCAM | EpCAM | Phase 1; Recruiting |
Genetically Engineered Cells (MAGE-A1-specific T Cell Receptor-transduced Autologous T-cells) and Atezolizumab for the Treatment of Metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer, Urothelial Cancer, or Non-small Cell Lung Cancer | NCT04639245 [88] | Biological: MAGE-A1-specific T Cell Receptor-transduced Autologous T-cells Biological: PD1 Inhibitor Drug: Atezolizumab Drug: Fludarabine Drug: Cyclophosphamide | MAGE-A1 | Phase 1/2; Recruiting |
T-Cell Therapy for Advanced Breast Cancer | NCT02792114 [100] | Biological: Mesothelin-targeted T cells Drug: Cyclophosphamide Drug: AP1903 | Mesothelin | Phase 1; Active, not recruiting |
BATs in Patients With Breast Cancer and Leptomeningeal Metastases | NCT03661424 [101] | Drug: HER2 BATs | n.a | Phase 1; Recruiting |
RAPA-201 Therapy of Solid Tumors | NCT05144698 [90] | Biological: RAPA-201 Rapamycin Resistant T Cells Drug: Chemotherapy Prior to RAPA-201 Therapy | n.a | Phase 2; Recruiting |
CAR-T Intraperitoneal Infusions for CEA-Expressing Adenocarcinoma Peritoneal Metastases or Malignant Ascites (IPC) | NCT03682744 [102] | Biological: anti-CEA CAR-T cells | CEA | Phase 1; Active, not recruiting |
Her2-BATS and Pembrolizumab in Metastatic Breast Cancer | NCT03272334 [91] | Drug: HER2 BATs with Pembrolizumab | HER2 | Phase 1/2; Recruiting |
Malignant Pleural Disease Treated With Autologous T Cells Genetically Engineered to Target the Cancer-Cell Surface Antigen Mesothelin | NCT02414269 [89] | Genetic: iCasp9M28z T cell infusions Drug: Cyclophosphamide Drug: Pembrolizumab | Mesothelin | Phase 1/2; Active, not recruiting |
A Study to Investigate LYL797 in Adults With Solid Tumors | NCT05274451 [103] | Biological: LYL797 | ROR1 | Phase 1; Not yet recruiting |
C7R-GD2.CART Cells for Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma and Other GD2 Positive Cancers (GAIL-N) | NCT03635632 [92] | Genetic: C7R-GD2.CART cells Drug: Cyclophosphamide Drug: Fludarabine | GD2 | Phase 1; Recruiting |
A Study of Gene Edited Autologous Neoantigen Targeted TCR T Cells With or Without Anti-PD-1 in Patients With Solid Tumors | NCT03970382 [93] | Biological: NeoTCR-P1 adoptive cell therapy Biological: Nivolumab Biological: IL-2 | neoepitope (neoE) | Phase 1; Active, not recruiting |
FT500 as Monotherapy and in Combination With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Subjects With Advanced Solid Tumors | NCT03841110 [94] | Drug: FT500 Drug: Nivolumab Drug: Pembrolizumab Drug: Atezolizumab Drug: Cyclophosphamide Drug: Fludarabine Drug: IL-2 | n.a | Phase 1; Recruiting |
Immunotherapy Combined With Capecitabine Versus Capecitabine Monotherapy in Advanced Breast Cancer | NCT02491697 [104] | Biological: DC-CIK Immunotherapy Drug: Capecitabine Monotherapy and Combination | n.a | Phase 2; Active, not recruiting |
A Study of DC-CIK Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Solid Tumors | NCT04476641 [95] | Other: CELL | n.a | Phase 2; Recruiting |
Immunotherapy Using Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes for Patients With Metastatic Cancer | NCT01174121 [96] | Biological: Young TIL Drug: Aldesleukin Drug: Cyclophosphamide Drug: Fludarabine Drug: Pembrolizumab | n.a | Phase 2; Recruiting |
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Franzén, A.S.; Raftery, M.J.; Pecher, G. Implications for Immunotherapy of Breast Cancer by Understanding the Microenvironment of a Solid Tumor. Cancers 2022, 14, 3178. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14133178
Franzén AS, Raftery MJ, Pecher G. Implications for Immunotherapy of Breast Cancer by Understanding the Microenvironment of a Solid Tumor. Cancers. 2022; 14(13):3178. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14133178
Chicago/Turabian StyleFranzén, Alexander S., Martin J. Raftery, and Gabriele Pecher. 2022. "Implications for Immunotherapy of Breast Cancer by Understanding the Microenvironment of a Solid Tumor" Cancers 14, no. 13: 3178. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14133178