Association of Allostatic Load and All Cancer Risk in the SWAN Cohort
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Study Population
2.2. AL Score Construction
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biomarkers | Mean (SD) | Cutoff Value | N (%) at Risk |
---|---|---|---|
SBP (mm Hg) | 118.23 (17.24) | ≥140 | 377 (11.45) |
DBP (mm Hg) | 75.57 (10.80) | ≥90 | 394 (11.98) |
HDL (mg/dL) | 55.90 (14.56) | <50 | 1173 (35.77) |
LDL (mg/dL) | 116.086 (31.01) | >130 | 926 (30.06) |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 194.57 (34.89) | ≥240 | 343 (10.46) |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 113.45 (84.63) | ≥150 | 592 (19.00) |
Waist to hip ratio | 0.80 (0.07) | ≥0.85 | 798 (24.53) |
Glucose level (mg/dL) | 98.08 (31.09) | ≥110 | 341 (10.93) |
CRP (mg/L) | 3.90 (6.26) | >3 | 1116 (34.39) |
DHAS (ug/dL) | 129.77 (78.95) | >240 | 301 (9.12) |
History of medication to control metabolic diseases and hypertension | Yes | Yes | 129 (3.92) |
AL Score | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
0 | 888 | 29.45 |
1 | 754 | 25.01 |
2 | 555 | 18.41 |
3 | 375 | 12.44 |
4 | 227 | 7.53 |
5 | 118 | 3.91 |
6 | 66 | 2.19 |
7 | 22 | 0.73 |
8 | 9 | 0.3 |
9 | 1 | 0.03 |
AL category | Number | Percentage |
1 (AL score = 0) | 888 | 29.45 |
2 (AL score = 1) | 754 | 25.01 |
3 (AL score = 2–3) | 930 | 30.85 |
4 (Al score = 4–9) | 443 | 14.65 |
Category 1 | Category 2 | Category 3 | Category 4 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 888 | n = 754 | n = 930 | n = 443 | ||
Age, Mean (SD) | 45.75 (2.67) | 45.68 (2.61) | 45.99 (2.70) | 46.12 (2.82) | 0.004 |
Race/ethnicity, N (%) | |||||
African American | 152 (17.12) | 206 (27.32) | 323 (34.73) | 173 (39.05) | |
Chinese American | 90 (10.14) | 57 (7.56) | 56 (6.02) | 20 (4.51) | |
Japanese American | 120 (13.51) | 76 (10.08) | 55 (5.91) | 11 (2.48) | |
White | 492 (55.41) | 358 (47.48) | 392 (42.15) | 185 (41.76) | |
Hispanic | 34 (3.83) | 57 (7.56) | 104 (11.18) | 54 (12.19) | <0.001 |
Ever smoked regularly, N (%) | |||||
No | 547 (62.30) | 448 (59.57) | 510 (55.14) | 214 (49.20) | |
Yes | 331 (37.70) | 304 (40.43) | 415 (44.86) | 221 (50.80) | <0.001 |
Ever drank alcohol regularly, N (%) | |||||
No | 347 (39.08) | 334 (44.30) | 484 (52.04) | 254 (57.34) | |
Yes | 541 (60.92) | 420 (55.70) | 446 (47.96) | 189 (42.66) | <0.001 |
Leisure physical activity, N (%) | |||||
No | 162 (18.39) | 174 (23.23) | 309 (33.77) | 164 (37.10) | |
Yes | 719 (81.61) | 575 (76.77) | 606 (66.23) | 278 (62.90) | <0.001 |
Self-rated sleep quality, N (%) | |||||
Sound and restful | 373 (42.19) | 304 (40.37) | 331 (35.90) | 146 (32.96) | |
Average | 364 (41.18) | 312 (41.43) | 369 (40.02) | 183 (41.31) | |
Restless | 147 (16.63) | 137 (18.19) | 222 (24.08) | 114 (25.73) | <0.001 |
Family total income, N (%) | |||||
<20 k per year | 71 (8.21) | 83 (11.31) | 171 (19.02) | 110 (25.40) | |
20–50 k per year | 259 (29.94) | 245 (33.38) | 325 (36.15) | 157 (36.26) | |
50–100 k per year | 350 (40.46) | 288 (39.24) | 304 (33.82) | 135 (31.18) | |
≥100 k per year | 185 (21.39) | 118 (16.08) | 99 (11.01) | 31 (7.16) | <0.001 |
Health insurance, N (%) | |||||
No | 51 (5.76) | 51 (6.76) | 103 (11.08) | 40 (9.05) | |
Yes | 835 (94.24) | 703 (93.24) | 827 (88.92) | 402 (90.95) | <0.001 |
Cancer status, N (%) | |||||
No | 847 (95.38) | 715 (94.83) | 894 (96.13) | 410 (92.55) | |
Yes | 41 (4.62) | 39 (5.17) | 36 (3.87) | 33 (7.45) | 0.037 |
AL Category | Unadjusted (HR, 95% CI) | Model 1 * (HR, 95% CI) | Model 2 # (HR, 95% CI) | Model 3 @ (HR, 95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | reference | reference | reference | reference |
2 | 1.12 (0.72, 1.73) | 1.19 (0.77, 1.85) | 1.25 (0.80, 1.96) | 1.27 (0.82, 1.99) |
3 | 0.83 (0.53, 1.30) | 0.93 (059, 1.47) | 0.99 (0.62, 1.59) | 0.99 (0.61, 1.58) |
4 | 1.64 (1.04, 2.59) | 1.88 (1.17, 3.02) | 2.09 (1.29, 3.41) | 2.08 (1.26, 3.42) |
P for trend | 0.224 | 0.072 | 0.031 | 0.040 |
HR * (95% CI) | |
---|---|
Higher SBP | 1.07 (0.63, 1.82) |
Higher DBP | 0.89 (0.52, 1.53) |
Higher HDL | 1.33 (0.96, 1.85) |
Higher total cholesterol | 1.38 (0.87, 2.20) |
Higher triglycerides | 1.68 (1.16, 2.43) |
Higher waist to hip ratio | 1.38 (0.95, 1.99) |
Higher glucose level | 1.24 (0.74, 2.06) |
Higher CRP | 1.42 (1.01, 2.01) |
Higher DHAS | 0.75 (0.40, 1.39) |
History of medication to control metabolic diseases and hypertension | 1.58 (0.79, 3.16) |
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Shen, J.; Fuemmeler, B.F.; Guan, Y.; Zhao, H. Association of Allostatic Load and All Cancer Risk in the SWAN Cohort. Cancers 2022, 14, 3044. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14133044
Shen J, Fuemmeler BF, Guan Y, Zhao H. Association of Allostatic Load and All Cancer Risk in the SWAN Cohort. Cancers. 2022; 14(13):3044. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14133044
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Jie, Bernard F. Fuemmeler, Yufan Guan, and Hua Zhao. 2022. "Association of Allostatic Load and All Cancer Risk in the SWAN Cohort" Cancers 14, no. 13: 3044. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14133044