Dysregulation of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Human Malignancies: A Window for Therapeutic Intervention
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. The Ubiquitin Proteasome System
2. Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes
2.1. UBE2C
Family | Name | Role | Cancer Type | Function | Test Model | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E2 | UBE2C | Oncogene | Gastric | Chromosomal stability, Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | In vitro, In vivo | [23] |
Oncogene | Colon | Cell cycle, Proloferation | In vitro | [24] | ||
Oncogene | Colorectal | Proliferation, Invasion | In vitro | [25] | ||
Oncogene | Thyroid | Proliferation | In vitro | [26] | ||
Oncogene | Breast | Proliferation, Drug resistance, Radiation resistance | In vitro | [29] | ||
Oncogene | Liver | Proliferation, Drug resistance, Migration, Invasion | In vitro | [30] | ||
Oncogene | Non-small cell lung | Drug resistance | In vitro | [31] | ||
UBE2Q1 | Oncogene | Colorectal | Proliferation | [32] | ||
Oncogene | Liver | p53 signaling, Cell cycle | In vitro | [33] | ||
Oncogene | Breast | p53 signaling | In vitro | [34] | ||
UBE2S | Oncogene | Endometrial | SOX6/β-catenin signaling, Proliferation | In vitro | [35] | |
Oncogene | Lung adenocarcinoma | Proliferation, p53 signaling, Apoptosis | In vitro | [36] | ||
Oncogene | Liver | p53 signaling, Cell cycle | In vitro | [37] | ||
E3 | FBW7 | Tumor suppressor | Burkitt’s lymphoma | c-Myc signaling | In vitro | [38,39] |
Tumor suppressor | Chronic myelogenous leukemia | c-Myc signaling | In vitro, In vivo | [40] | ||
Lipogenesis | Lung, Melanoma, Thyroid, Cervical | mTORC2/SREBP1 signaling | In vitro | [41] | ||
Tumor suppressor | T cell leukemia | Notch signaling | In vitro, In vivo | [42] | ||
Tumor suppressor | Colorectal | c-Myc signaling, Cell cycle | In vitro | [43] | ||
Tumor suppressor | Esophageal squamous cell | c-Myc signaling | In vitro | [44] | ||
Tumor suppressor | Colorectal, Cervical, Ovarian, Non-small cell lung | Apoptosis (via Mcl1) | In vitro | [45] | ||
MDM2 | Oncogene | Neuroblastoma | p53 signaling | In vitro, In vivo | [46] | |
Oncogene | Cervical | Cell cycle, Apoptosis | In vitro | [47] | ||
Oncogene | Liver | Metastasis, Drug response | In vitro, In vivo | [48] | ||
Cdc20 | Oncogene | Breast | Metastasis, Drug response | In vitro | [49] | |
Cdh1 | Tumor suppressor | Breast | Src signaling | In vitro | [50] | |
β-TRCP | Tumor suppressor | Breast, Prostate | MTSS1 signaling | In vitro | [51] | |
Oncogene | Lung | FOXN2 | In vitro, In vivo | [52] | ||
Tumor suppressor | Papillary thyroid | VEGFR2 signaling | In vitro, In vivo | [53] | ||
E6AP | Oncogene | Prostate | Radiation response | In vitro | [54] | |
Oncogene | Prostate | p27 signaling | In vitro, In vivo | [55] | ||
Oncogene | Prostate | Metastasis | In vitro, In vivo | [56] |
2.2. UBE2Q1
2.3. UBE2S
3. Ubiquitin Ligases
3.1. FBW7
3.2. MDM2
3.3. Cdc20 and Cdh1
3.4. βTrCP
3.5. E6AP
4. Deubiquitinases (DUBs)
Name | Role | Cancer Type | Function | Test Model | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BAP1 | Tumor suppressor | Lung, Osteosarcoma, Colon | DNA double-strand repair | In vitro | [80,81,82] |
Tumor suppressor | Renal | Ferroptosis signaling | In vitro | [83] | |
USP7 | Oncogene | Cervical | Self-renewal; Foxp3 signaling | In vitro | [84] |
Oncogene | Non-small cell lung | Immune Response; Foxp3 signaling | In vitro | [85] | |
Oncogene | Lung | p53 signaling | In vitro, in vivo | [86] | |
USP22 | Oncogene | Lung | Cell Cycle | In vitro | [87] |
Oncogene | Lung adenocarcinoma | EGFR-TKI resistance | In vitro, in vivo | [88] | |
Oncogene | Colon | CCNB1 signaling | In vitro, in vivo | [89] | |
Oncogene | Glioblastoma | KDM1A signaling | In vitro, in vivo | [90] | |
UCHL1 | Oncogene | Breast | Drug resistance; Invasion/migration | In vitro | [91] |
Ataxin 3 | Oncogene | Breast, Osteosarcoma, Cervical, Colorectal | DNA | In vitro | [92] |
Oncogene | Testicular | mTOR/Akt signaling | In vitro | [93] | |
PSMD11 | Oncogene | Cervical. Osteosarcoma | DNA damage response | In vitro | [94] |
Oncogene | Lung, Prostate, Colorectal, Breast, Cervix | Cell cycle | In vitro | [95] | |
Oncogene | Liver | E2F1 signaling | In vitro, in vivo | [96] | |
A20 | Tumor suppressor | Colorectal | Apoptosis signaling | In vitro | [97] |
Tumor suppressor | Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma | NF-κβ signaling | In vitro | [98] | |
Tumor suppressor | Sarcoma | NF-κβ signaling | In vitro | [99] |
4.1. BAP1
4.2. USP7
4.3. USP22
4.4. UCHL1
4.5. Ataxin 3
4.6. PSMD14
4.7. A20
5. Other Ubiquitin Modifiers
6. UPS Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy
6.1. Targeting the Proteasome
6.2. Targeting Ubiquitinases
Inhibitor | Target | Cancer Type | Clinical Trial | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bortezomib | Proteasomal inhibitor | Multiple myeloma, Mantle cell lymphoma, Leukemia, Neuroblastoma, Head and Neck, Thyroid, Hepatocellular | FDA approved | www.clinicaltrials.gov [126,166,167,169,170,171,172,177] |
Carfilzomib | Proteasomal inhibitor | Multiple myeloma, Lymphoma, Relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma, Leukemia, Lung, Thyroid, Refractory renal cell carcinoma | FDA approved | www.clinicaltrials.gov [54,173,174,175,176,177] |
Ixazomib | Proteasomal inhibitor | Multiple myeloma, Relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma, Lymphoma, Leukemia, Breast, Glioblastoma, Renal cell carcinoma, Hodgkin and T cell lymphoma | FDA approved | www.clinicaltrials.gov [178] |
Delanzomib | Proteasomal inhibitor | Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | Phase I | www.clinicaltrials.gov |
Marizomib | Proteasomal inhibitor | Multiple myeloma, Advanced solid tumors | Phase I/II | www.clinicaltrials.gov |
Oprozomib | Proteasomal inhibitor | Multiple myeloma, Glioma, Pancreatic, Lung, Melanoma, Lymphoma, Glipblastoma | Phase I/II/III | www.clinicaltrials.gov |
MLN4924 | NAE and UBA1(E1) | Advanced malignant solid tumors, Melanoma, Hepatocellular, B cell lymphoma, Hematologic malignancies, Acute myelocytic leukemia | Phase I/II/III | www.clinicaltrials.gov |
TAK981 | SAE (E1) | B cell lymphoma, colorectal, non-Hodgkin’s, Advcnced/metasiatic solid tumors | Phase I/II | www.clinicaltrials.gov |
TAS4464 | NAE (E1) | Multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma | Phase I/II | www.clinicaltrials.gov |
SAR-405838 | MDM2 (E2) | Solid tumors | Phase I | www.clinicaltrials.gov [172,183] |
CGM-097 | MDM2 (E2) | Advanced p53 wildtype solid tumors | Phase I | www.clinicaltrials.gov [184,185] |
DS-3032b | MDM2 (E2) | Acute myelocytic leukemia | Phase I/II | www.clinicaltrials.gov [186,187] |
Debio1143 (AT-406) | cIAP1/2 (E3) | Acute myeloid leukemia | Phase I | www.clinicaltrials.gov [188] |
LC-161 | IAP (E3) | Advanced solid tumors | Phase I | www.clinicaltrials.gov [189] |
Birinapant | IAP (E3) | Solid tumors | Phase I/II | www.clinicaltrials.gov [190] |
Pimozide | USP1 | Glioma, Non-small cell lung cancer | FDA approced for Tourette’s syndrome; Preclinical | [191,192] |
Mitoxantrone | USP11 | Metastatic crastrate -resistant prostate, Acute myeloid leukemia, Advanced breast cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Primary liver | FDA approved | [193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201] |
6.3. Targeting DUBs
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fhu, C.W.; Ali, A. Dysregulation of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Human Malignancies: A Window for Therapeutic Intervention. Cancers 2021, 13, 1513. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13071513
Fhu CW, Ali A. Dysregulation of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Human Malignancies: A Window for Therapeutic Intervention. Cancers. 2021; 13(7):1513. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13071513
Chicago/Turabian StyleFhu, Chee Wai, and Azhar Ali. 2021. "Dysregulation of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Human Malignancies: A Window for Therapeutic Intervention" Cancers 13, no. 7: 1513. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13071513