Modulation of CD4 T Cell Response According to Tumor Cytokine Microenvironment
1
Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
2
Team “CAdIR”, CRI INSERM UMR1231 “Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer”, Dijon 21000, France
3
LipSTIC LabEx, 21000 Dijon, France
4
Centre Georges François Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2021, 13(3), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13030373
Submission received: 15 December 2020
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Revised: 8 January 2021
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Accepted: 18 January 2021
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Published: 20 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CD4 T Cells and Cancer Immune Response)
Simple Summary
It is now accepted that CD4 T lymphocytes play an essential role in the anti-tumor response. CD4 T lymphocytes can activate and regulate several aspects of innate and adaptive immunity and participate in the rejection of tumors. Understanding the impact of the tumor, through cytokines present in the microenvironment, but also the effect of anti-cancer therapies are critical aspects of immunotherapy research aiming at improving the anti-tumor response dependent on CD4 T lymphocytes.
Abstract
The advancement of knowledge on tumor biology over the past decades has demonstrated a close link between tumor cells and cells of the immune system. In this context, cytokines have a major role because they act as intermediaries in the communication into the tumor bed. Cytokines play an important role in the homeostasis of innate and adaptive immunity. In particular, they participate in the differentiation of CD4 T lymphocytes. These cells play essential functions in the anti-tumor immune response but can also be corrupted by tumors. The differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells depends on the cytokine environment in which they are activated. Additionally, at the tumor site, their activity can also be modulated according to the cytokines of the tumor microenvironment. Thus, polarized CD4 T lymphocytes can see their phenotype evolve, demonstrating functional plasticity. Knowledge of the impact of these cytokines on the functions of CD4 T cells is currently a source of innovation, for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we discuss the impact of the major cytokines present in tumors on CD4 T cells. In addition, we summarize the main therapeutic strategies that can modulate the CD4 response through their impact on cytokine production.
Keywords:
CD4; cytokines; cancer; immunotherapy
