Electrochemotherapy with Mitomycin C Potentiates Apoptosis Death by Inhibiting Autophagy in Squamous Carcinoma Cells
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Cultures
2.2. Flow Cytometry Analysis of P-gp Expression
2.3. In Vitro Electroporation
2.4. In Vitro Treatments
2.5. MTT Assay
2.6. Phase Contrast Microscopy
2.7. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.8. Determination of Apoptotic Cell Death by Annexin V-FITC/PI Staining by Flow Cytometry
2.9. Immunolabeling of Cytochrome C and Nuclear Staining
2.10. Western Blotting
2.11. Statistical Analysis
2.12. Clinical Application
2.13. Histological Analysis
3. Results
3.1. P-gp Expression Profiles of FaDu and CAL 27 Cells
3.2. Cells Sensitivity after MMC Treatment Alone for Dose Selection
3.3. Observation of the Cytotoxic Effect of the EP+MMC Combination by Optical Microscopy
3.4. Morphological Changes Revealed by SEM Observations
3.5. Apoptosis Detected by Flow Cytometry
3.6. Immunofluorescence Imaging of Cytochrome C Release for Apoptotic Studies
3.7. Analysis of Apoptotic and Autophagic-Associated Proteins Expression
3.8. Clinical Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Condello, M.; D’Avack, G.; Vona, R.; Spugnini, E.P.; Scacco, L.; Meschini, S. Electrochemotherapy with Mitomycin C Potentiates Apoptosis Death by Inhibiting Autophagy in Squamous Carcinoma Cells. Cancers 2021, 13, 3867. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13153867
Condello M, D’Avack G, Vona R, Spugnini EP, Scacco L, Meschini S. Electrochemotherapy with Mitomycin C Potentiates Apoptosis Death by Inhibiting Autophagy in Squamous Carcinoma Cells. Cancers. 2021; 13(15):3867. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13153867
Chicago/Turabian StyleCondello, Maria, Gloria D’Avack, Rosa Vona, Enrico Pierluigi Spugnini, Licia Scacco, and Stefania Meschini. 2021. "Electrochemotherapy with Mitomycin C Potentiates Apoptosis Death by Inhibiting Autophagy in Squamous Carcinoma Cells" Cancers 13, no. 15: 3867. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13153867