Inhibition of the Human Hsc70 System by Small Ligands as a Potential Anticancer Approach
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. High-Throughput Screening (HTS) and Validation of Modulators of Apg2
Compound | Chemical Name | IUPAC Name | Molecular Weight (Da) | Therapeutic Class |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chlorhexidine [42] | (1E)-2-[6-[[amino-[(E)-[amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene]amino]methylidene]amino]hexyl]-1-[amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene]guanidine | 505.46 | Infectiology |
2 | Pinaverium bromide [43] | 4-[(2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-4-[2-[2-(6,6-dimethyl-2-bicyclo [3.1.1]heptanyl)ethoxy]ethyl]morpholin-4-ium bromide | 591.43 | Neuromuscular |
3 | Benzbromarone [44] | (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)-(2-ethyl-1-benzofuran-3-yl)methanone | 424.1 | Cardiovascular |
4 | Beta-escin [45] | (beta-D-Xylopyrannosyl)-3(beta-D-glucopyrannosyl)-4(methyl-3acetoxybutyryl)-28tetrahydroxy-16alpha,21alpha,22beta,24oleanone-12 | 1131.28 | Metabolism Oncology |
5 | Mefloquine hydrochloride [46] | (S)-[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-[(2R)-piperidin-2-yl]methanol hydrochloride | 414.78 | Infectiology |
6 | Tiratricol, 3,3′,5-triiodothyroacetic acid [47] | 2-[4-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]acetic acid | 621.94 | Endocrinology |
2.2. Apg2 Binders Also Interact with Hsc70
2.3. Effect of the Compounds on the Chaperone Activity of Hsc70 and Apg2
2.4. Toxicity of the Inhibitors in Human Melanoma Cell Lines
2.5. Melanoma Cell-Specific Inhibition by the Selected Compounds
2.6. Pinaverium Bromide (PB) Causes Melanoma Cell Death by Inducing Apoptosis
2.7. Identification of PB Binding Site by Docking and Molecular Dynamics
2.8. PB Inhibits Luciferase Protein Refolding in a Cellular Context
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cloning, Expression and Purification of Proteins
4.2. Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF)
4.3. G6PDH Aggregate Reactivation
4.4. ATPase Measurements
4.5. Cell Culture
4.6. Recovery of Intracellular Luciferase Activity
4.7. Immunocytochemical Staining
4.8. Western Blot Analysis
4.9. Viability Assays
4.10. Time-Lapse Imaging
4.11. Homology Modeling
4.12. Protein–Ligand Docking
4.13. Molecular Dynamics Simulations
4.14. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | IC50 (µM) | |
---|---|---|
G6PDH Reactivation | ||
Hsc70 + DnaJB1 | Hsc70 + DnaJB1 + Apg2 | |
1 | 11.9 ± 0.2 | 14.5 ± 1.8 |
2 | 58 ± 0.9 | 70.9 ± 0.1 |
3 | 10.1 ± 0.4 | 17.6 ± 0.1 |
4 | 37.3 ± 1.8 | 47 ± 5.6 |
5 | 106.8 ± 7.5 | 97.3 ± 21.1 |
6 | 18.7 ± 3.6 | 23.3 ± 3 |
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Dublang, L.; Underhaug, J.; Flydal, M.I.; Velasco-Carneros, L.; Maréchal, J.-D.; Moro, F.; Boyano, M.D.; Martinez, A.; Muga, A. Inhibition of the Human Hsc70 System by Small Ligands as a Potential Anticancer Approach. Cancers 2021, 13, 2936. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13122936
Dublang L, Underhaug J, Flydal MI, Velasco-Carneros L, Maréchal J-D, Moro F, Boyano MD, Martinez A, Muga A. Inhibition of the Human Hsc70 System by Small Ligands as a Potential Anticancer Approach. Cancers. 2021; 13(12):2936. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13122936
Chicago/Turabian StyleDublang, Leire, Jarl Underhaug, Marte I. Flydal, Lorea Velasco-Carneros, Jean-Didier Maréchal, Fernando Moro, Maria Dolores Boyano, Aurora Martinez, and Arturo Muga. 2021. "Inhibition of the Human Hsc70 System by Small Ligands as a Potential Anticancer Approach" Cancers 13, no. 12: 2936. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13122936
APA StyleDublang, L., Underhaug, J., Flydal, M. I., Velasco-Carneros, L., Maréchal, J. -D., Moro, F., Boyano, M. D., Martinez, A., & Muga, A. (2021). Inhibition of the Human Hsc70 System by Small Ligands as a Potential Anticancer Approach. Cancers, 13(12), 2936. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13122936