Magnetic Particles for CTC Enrichment
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Immunomagnetic Particles for Rare Cell Enrichment
3. The Characteristics of an Ideal Magnetic Particle for Cell Separation
- the volume of a single magnetic nanoparticle (Vp);
- the magnetic susceptibility of the magnetic nanoparticle (Δχp);
- the magnetic field generated by the external magnetic flux source (B).
Superparamagnetic and Magnetic Susceptibility
4. Synthesis Methods of MNPs
4.1. Co-Precipitation
4.2. Thermal Decomposition
4.3. Solvothermal
4.4. Microemulsion
5. Methods to Bind Targeting Ligands on Magnetic Particles
5.1. Antibodies and Ligands Used for CTC Enrichment
5.2. Binding Antibodies to Magnetic Particles
6. Characterization of Magnetic Particle Performance
Low Non-Specific Binding and No Agglomeration
7. Separation of Magnetic Particles in Systems for CTC Enumeration
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Size | Morphology | Magnetization (Emu/g) | Ligand | Surface Groups Used | Supplier | Photos | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co-precipitation | 30–1000 nm | Roughly spherical | - | Dextran | −OH | Miltenyi biotec (MACS) | (A) | [34,35] |
100 nm | Irregular shape | - | BSA | −NH2−COOH | Veridex Ferrofluid™ | (B) | [29] | |
1.0/2.8/4.5 μm | Spherical | 10.8–23.5 | Polymer | −NH2 | InvitrogenTM Dynal | (C) | [36] | |
Thermal decomposition | 20.3 ± 1.5 nm | Spherical | 85.8 | PEG | −COOH | N/A | (D) | [37] |
30 nm | Spherical | - | ABC triblock copolymer | −COOH | N/A | (E) | [38] | |
Solvothermal | 80 nm | Spherical nanocluster | 80 | leukocyte membrane | Hydro-phobic inter-action | N/A | (F) | [39] |
100–300 nm | Spherical nanocluster | 58.48 | Silica | −OH | AMO LIFESCIENCE Inc., Korea | (G) | [40] | |
Microemulsion | 10 nm | Spherical | 33.2 | Oleyla-mine | −NH2 | N/A | (H) | [41] |
CD #/Abbr. | Name | Expression | Location | Used for CTC Capture |
---|---|---|---|---|
Epithelial cells and no or few hematopoietic cells | ||||
CD44 | ep | cs, ic | Yes [76] | |
CD49f | Integrin Alpha 6 | ep | cs | Yes [76] |
CD66e | CEA (CAM5) | ep (colon) | cs | No |
CD66f | PSG1 | ep, pl, li | cs | No |
CD104 | Integrin beta4 | ep, ed, ne, ke | cs | No |
CD118 | LIFR | ep | cs | No |
CD133 | Prominin-1 | ep, hs, ed, ne | cs | No |
CD164 (1) | MUC-24 | ep (prostate cancer, bone mets) | cs | No |
CD164 (2) | ep (bowl, lung, thyroid) | cs | No | |
CD164 (3) | hs, sc (bone marrow) | cs | No | |
CD175 | Tn | ep, sc | cs | No |
CD175s | Sialyl Tn | ep, ed, erythroblasts, | cs | Yes [77] |
CD176 | Thomsen–Friedenreich antigen | ep, sc | cs | No |
CD227 | MUC-1 | ep, sc | cs | Yes [65,66,67,68] |
CD283 | TLR3. | ep, fi, ne, dc | cs, ic | No |
CDw293 | BMPR-1B | ep, ms, bc | cs | No |
CD318 | CDCP1 | ep, hs | cs | No |
CD325 | N-Cadherin | ep, ne, mu (cardiac), fi, pa, li | cs, ic | Yes [78,79,80] |
CD326 | EpCAM | ep, sc (embryonic) | cs | Yes [29,54,55] |
CD331 | FGR1 | ep, ed, fi, ms, mu (cardio), ne | cs | No |
CD331-4 | FGFR1-4 | ne, ki, te | No | |
CD332 | FGFR2 | ep, li, fi, ne, | cs, ic | No |
CD340 | erbB-2 kinase/ Her-2 | ep (breast), ed, ke, hs, sc | cs, ic | Yes [58,59] |
CD344 | Frizzled-4 | ep, ms, ne, ki, te | cs | No |
CD338 | ABCG2 | ep, li, ki, lu, pl | cs | No |
CD350 | Frizzled-10 | ep (colon), ki, lu, br, pl | cs | No |
CK | Cytokeratins 1-23 | ep | ic | Yes [75] |
AR | Androgen receptor | ep | ic, in | No |
EGFR | Epithelial Growth Factor/Her-1 | ep, pl, pa, ki, li | cs | Yes [59,60,61,62] |
ER | Estrogen receptor | ep | ic, in | No |
PSMA | Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen | ep (prostate) | cs, ic | Yes [81,82,83] |
Trop2 | Tumor-associated Ca signal transducer 2 | ep | cs | Yes [76] |
Endothelial cells and no or few hematopoietic cells | ||||
CD62E | E-selectin | ed (activated) | cs | Yes [84,85,86,87] |
CD144 | VE Cadherin | ed, sc | cs | No |
CD146 | MCAM | ed, sm, me, dc, T-cells (activated) | cs | Yes [13,63] |
CD201 | EPCR | ed | cs | No |
CD202b | TIE2 | ed, angioblasts | cs | No |
CD228 | Melanotransferrin | ed, sc, me | cs | No |
CD248 | Endosialin | ed (tumor), fi | cs | No |
CD266 | TWEAK R | ed | cs | No |
CD299 | C-type lectin domain family 4 member M | ed, li, lymph node | cs | No |
CD300g | CLM-9 | ed | cs, ic | No |
CD309 | VEGFR-2 | ed, sc | cs | No |
CD322 | JAM-B | ed (high) | cs | No |
CD362 | Syndecan-2, | ed, sm (vascular), fi, me | cs | No |
Neural cells and no or few hematopoietic cells | ||||
CD246 | ALK | ne (embryonic CNS & PNS | cs, ic, in | No |
CD271 | NGF receptor | ne, ms (bone marrow) | cs | No |
Mesenchymal cells & no or few hematopoietic cells | ||||
CD90 | Thy-1 | fi | cs | No |
CD167b | DDR2 | bc, he, lu | cs, ic | No |
CD292 | BMPR-1A | mu (skeletal), bc, ms | cs | No |
CD331-4 | FGFR1-4 | ne, ki, te | cs | No |
CD339 | Jagged1, | st (bone marrow), ep (thymic), ed, ne, ke, ov, pr, pa, pl, he | cs | No |
CD333 | FGFR | ne, ki, te | cs | No |
c-Met/HGF | Hepatocyte growth factor | pl | cs | No |
Vimentin | Vimentin | ms | ic | No |
FAP | Fibroblast activation protein, Seprase | ep, ms, fi | cs | No |
No or few hematopoietic cells | ||||
VAR2 | Malaria-encoded VAR2CSA | pl | cs | [69,70,71,72,73] |
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Liu, P.; Jonkheijm, P.; Terstappen, L.W.M.M.; Stevens, M. Magnetic Particles for CTC Enrichment. Cancers 2020, 12, 3525. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123525
Liu P, Jonkheijm P, Terstappen LWMM, Stevens M. Magnetic Particles for CTC Enrichment. Cancers. 2020; 12(12):3525. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123525
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Peng, Pascal Jonkheijm, Leon W. M. M. Terstappen, and Michiel Stevens. 2020. "Magnetic Particles for CTC Enrichment" Cancers 12, no. 12: 3525. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123525