Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Critical Review of Local Treatment Options Including Recommendations during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Early Detection of the Recurrence and Restaging
3. Patient Selection for Retreatment with Curative Intention
Factors Affecting Prognosis
4. Surgical Treatment
4.1. Recommendations for Surgical Treatment during the COVID-19 Pandemic
4.2. Endoscopic Nasopharyngectomy
Study | Number of Patients | Surgical Approach | Median FU, Months | Treatment Outcome, % | Severe Complications, % | Treatment-Related Deaths, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chen [46] 2009 | 37 | ENP | 24 | CM: 96 2-year OS: 84 | 0 | 0 |
Ko [44] 2009 | 28 | ENP | 13 | CM: 89 2-year OS: 59 | 14 | 0 |
Sun [47] 2015 | 71 | ENP | 5-96 | 2-year OS: 74 5-year OS: 39 | 0 | 0 |
Tsang [48] 2015 | 12 | ENP | 24 | CM: 75 2-year LC: 86 2-year OS: 83 | 25 | 0 |
You [37] 2015 | 72 | ENP | 49 | 5-year OS: 77 | 12 | 6 |
Liu [45] 2017 | 91 | ENP | 23 | CM: 81 2-year OS: 65 5-year OS: 38 | N/A | 0 |
Chan [49] 2018 | 30 | ENP | N/A | CM: 73 | 0 | 0 |
Wong [53] 2020 | 12 | ENP | 45 | 5-year OS: 50 | 0 | 0 |
Wei [58] 2011 | 246 | MSNP | 38 | CM: 78 5-year LC: 74 | 21 | 0 |
Chan [59] 2012 | 312 | MSNP | 34 | CM: 80 5-year LC: 74 | 16 | 0 |
Chan [60] 2015 | 338 | MSNP | 52 | CM: 79 5-year LC: 74 5-year OS: 62 | 38 | N/A |
4.3. Maxillary Swing Nasopharyngectomy
4.4. Neck Dissection
5. Re-Irradiation
5.1. Recommendations for Radiotherapy during the COVID-19 Pandemic
5.2. IMRT
Study Country | Country | Number of Patients | Median FU, Months | Dose Range, Gy | Response, % | Late ≥ Grade 3 Toxicity, % | Grade 5 Toxicity, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chua [75] 2005 | China | 31 | 11 | 50–60 | 1-year OS: 63 CR: 58 | 25 | N/A |
Han [20] 2012 | China | 239 | 29 | 60–70 | 5-year OS: 45 | 70 | 35 |
Hua [76] 2012 | China | 151 | 40 | 60–70 | 3-year LC: 83 5-year LC: 81 3-year OS: 46 5-year OS: 38 | 34 | 0 |
Qiu [82] 2012 | China | 70 | 25 | 50–77 | 2-year OS: 67 | 36 | N/A |
Chen [77] 2013 | China | 54 | 16 | 50–77 | 1-year OS: 72 2-year OS: 44 | 48 | 25 |
Tian [80] 2014 | China | 251 | 40 | 60–70 | 5-year OS: 8–64 | 65 | 48 |
Tian [78] 2014 | China | 59 58 | 25 | 60 68 | 3-year OS: 38–57 5-year OS: 30–44 | 29 51 | 40 54 |
Chan [83] 2017 | China | 38 | 48 | 50–60 | 3-year LC: 44 3-year OS: 47 | 74 | 8 |
Tian [79] 2017 | China | 245 | 24 | 60–79 | 5-year OS: 27 | 27 | 29 |
Li [17] 2018 | Singapore, China | 558 | 36–41 | 60–70 | 3-year OS: 15–74 | N/A | 36–65 |
Roeder [84] 2011 | Germany | 14 | 20 | 36–64 | 2-year LC: 59 2-year OS: 44 3-year OS: 37 | 29 | 0 |
Puebla [85] 2015 | Spain | 17 | 23 | 50–70 | 2-year LC: 82 2-year OS: 79 | 0 | 0 |
Karam [86] 2016 | Canada | 27 | 36 | 40–60 | 2-year LC: 46 2-year OS: 49 | 37 | 0 |
Agas [74] 2019 | Philippines | 14 | 15 | 60 | 1-year OS: 75 2-year OS: 64 | 23 | 0 |
5.3. Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Study | Number of Patients | Technique | Median FU, Months | Median Dose, Gy | Response, % | Late ≥Grade 3 Toxicity, % | Grade 5 Toxicity, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chua [89] 2006 | 48 | SRS | 54 | 12.5 | CR: 77 5-year OS: 47 | 27 | 0 |
Chua [91] 2009 | 43 | SRS | 40 | 12.5 | 1-year OS: 98 3-year OS: 66 | 33 | 0 |
Lee [90] 2020 | 10 | SRS | 18 | 18 | 1-year OS: 90 3-year OS: 77 | 0 | 0 |
Xiao [98] 2001 | 50 | SBRT | 20 | 24/6–8 fr | CR: 76 1-year OS: 84 2-year OS: 65 3-year OS: 60 | 18 | 16 |
Wu [99] 2007 | 90 | SBRT | 20 | 18/3 fr 48/6 fr | CR: 63–66 | 19 | 2 |
Chua [91] 2009 | 43 | SBRT | 24 | 34/2–6 fr | 1-year OS: 78 3-year OS: 61 | 21 | 7 |
Leung [94] 2009 | 30 | SBRT | 47 | 54/18 fr | 5-year OS: 40 | 57 | 3 |
Seo [95] 2009 | 35 | SBRT | 25 | 33/3–5 fr | CR: 72 5-year OS: 60 | 16 | 6 |
Ozyigit [96] 2011 | 24 | SBRT | 23 | 30/5 fr | 2-year LC: 82 | 21 | 12 |
Dizman [97] 2014 | 24 | SBRT | 19 | 30/5 fr | 1-year LC: 64 3-year LC: 21 1-year OS: 83 3-year OS: 31 | 4 | 4 |
Lin [102] 1999 | 16 | PBT | 24 | 59–70 (GyE) | 2-year OS: 50 2-year LC: 50 | 31 | 0 |
Dionisi [103] 2019 | 17 | PBT | 10 | 60 (GyE) | 1.5-year LC: 66 1.5-year OS: 54 | 23 | 0 |
Hu [108] 2018 | 75 | CIRT | 15 | 50–60 (GyE) | 1-year OS: 98 | 12 | 1 |
Kwong [110] 2001 | 106 | BRT 198Au grains | 45 | 60 | 5-year LC: 63 5-year OS: 54 | 28 | N/A |
Shen [111] 2015 | 30 | BRT 125I grains | 38 | 130 | CR: 81 2-year LC: 26 2-year OS: 30 | N/A | N/A |
Yan [112] 2017 | 39 | BRT 125I grains | 30 | 120 | 2-year LC: 41 2-year OS: 51 | 26 | 0 |
Leung [113] 2005 | 34 | BRT HDR intracavitary | N/A | 24 Gy/3 fr | 5-year LC: 97 5-year OS: 78 | 29 | N/A |
5.4. Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
5.5. Proton Beam Radiotherapy
5.6. Carbon Ion Radiotherapy
5.7. Brachytherapy
6. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Svajdova, M.; Sicak, M.; Dubinsky, P.; Slavik, M.; Slampa, P.; Kazda, T. Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Critical Review of Local Treatment Options Including Recommendations during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Cancers 2020, 12, 3510. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123510
Svajdova M, Sicak M, Dubinsky P, Slavik M, Slampa P, Kazda T. Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Critical Review of Local Treatment Options Including Recommendations during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Cancers. 2020; 12(12):3510. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123510
Chicago/Turabian StyleSvajdova, Michaela, Marian Sicak, Pavol Dubinsky, Marek Slavik, Pavel Slampa, and Tomas Kazda. 2020. "Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Critical Review of Local Treatment Options Including Recommendations during the COVID-19 Pandemic" Cancers 12, no. 12: 3510. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123510