Colorectal cancer | RKO | Inhibit cell proliferation Induce G1 phase cell cycle arrest Induce apoptosis ↓ Bcl-xL; ↑ Caspase-3 & caspase-9 | 0–150 μM | 46.76 μM (68 h) | [33] |
HCT116, HCT116-CH2, HCT116-CH3 | Inhibit cell proliferation Induce G0/G1 & G2/M phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin D1 & A1; ↑ p53 phosphorylation Induce apoptosis: ↓ Caspase-3; ↓ Bcl-2; ↑ Bax protein | 25 μM Honokiol with 2.5 or 5.0 Gy IR | N/A | [34] |
HT-29 | Inhibit cell growth & proliferation Induce G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ Cdk1 & cyclin B1 | 0–50 μM followed by 0–5 Gy IR | 23.05 μM (24 h) 13.24 μM (72 h) | [24] |
HCT116 & SW480 | Inhibit cell proliferation via Inhibition of Notch signalling: ↓ Notch1 & Jagged-1; ↓ Hey-1 & Hes1; ↓ γ-secretase complex; ↓ Skip1 Induce apoptosis: ↑ caspase-3/-7 activity; ↓ Bcl-2 & Bcl-xL; ↑ Bax protein; ↓ cyclin D1 & c-Myc; ↑ p21WAF1 protein Inhibit primary and secondary colonosphere formation | 0–50 μM | N/A | [35] |
RKO & HCT116 | Inhibit cell viability Induce apoptosis: ↑ caspase-3, caspase-8 & caspase-9 activation; ↑ DR5 & cleaved PARP proteins; ↑ survivin protein; ↑ phosphorylated p53 & p53 proteins; ↓ PUMA protein | 0–60 μM | RKO: 38.25 μM (24 h) HCT116: 39.64 μM (24 h) | [36] |
Blood cancer | B-CLL | Inhibit cell viability Induce apoptosis: ↑ caspase-3 activity; ↑ caspase-8 & caspase-9 activation; ↓ caspase-9; ↑ Bax protein; ↓ Mcl-1 protein | 0–100 μM | 49 μM (6 h) 38 μM (24 h) | [37] |
Raji, Molt-4 | Inhibit cell growth: ↓ p65; ↓ NF-κB Induce apoptosis: ↑ JNK activation Increase ROS activity: ↑ Nrf2 & c-Jun protein activation | 0–2.5 μM | Raji: 3.500 μM (24 h) 0.092 μM (72 h) Molt-4: 0.521 μM (24 h) | [38] |
Breast cancer | MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SKBR-3, ZR-75-1, BT-474 | Inhibit cell viability and growth: ↓ EFGR; ↓ MAPK/PI3K pathway activity Induce apoptosis: ↑ PARP protein degradation; ↓ caspase-8; ↑ Bax proteins Induce G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin D1; ↑ p21 & p27 | 0–100 μM | MCF-7: 40 μM (24 h) MDA-MB-231: 33 μM (24 h) SKBR-3: 29 μM (24 h) ZR-75-1: 39 μM (24 h) BT-474: 50 μM (24 h) | [39] |
MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 | Inhibit cell clonogenicity Inhibit cell anchorage-dependent colony formation Inhibit cell growth, migration & invasion: ↓ pS6K & 4EBP1 phosphorylation; ↑ AMPK activation; ↓ mTORC1 function; ↑ LKB1 & cytosolic localisation | 1–25 μM | N/A | [40] |
MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SUM149, SUM159 | Inhibit cell migration & invasion: ↑ AMPK phosphorylation; ↑ LKB1 Inhibit stem-like characteristics: ↓ Oct4, Nanog & Sox4 protein; ↓ STAT3; ↓ iPSC inducer mRNA | 5 μM | N/A | [41] |
MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, T47D, SKBR-3, Zr-75, BT-474 | Inhibit cell growth: ↓ PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling Inhibit cell invasion Induce G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin D1 & cyclin E; ↓ Cdk2 & c-myc; ↑ PTEN Induce apoptosis: ↑ caspase-3, caspase-6 & caspase-9 activation | 0–40 μM | MCF7: 34.9 μM (24 h) 13.7 μM (48 h) 13.5 μM (72 h) 10.5 μM (96 h)
MDA-MB-231: 56.9 μM (24 h) 44.4 μM (48 h) 16.0 μM (72 h) 12.0 μM (96 h)
T47D: 47.7 μM (24 h) 41.6 μM (48 h) 17.6 μM (72 h) 7.1 μM (96 h)
SKBR-3: 76.1 μM (24 h) 68.1 μM (48 h) 62.7 μM (72 h) 15.7 μM (96 h)
ZR-75: 71.1 μM (24 h) 58.1 μM (48 h) 28.7 μM (72 h) 14.5 μM (96 h)
BT-474: 80.2 μM (24 h) 65.6 μM (48 h) 39.5 μM (72 h) 15.1 μM (96 h) | [42] |
MDA-MB-231 | Inhibit cell proliferation: ↓ c-Src/EGFR-mediated signalling pathway; ↓ c-Myc protein Induce G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin A, cyclin D1 & cyclin E; ↓ Cdk2, Cdk4 & p-pRbSer780; ↑ p27Kip−1 Induce apoptosis: ↑ caspase-3, caspase-8 & caspase-9 cascade; ↓ Bcl-2 & Bid protein; ↑ PARP cleavage | 0–100 μM | 59.5 μM (72 h) | [43] |
Lung cancer | A549 | Inhibit cell growth & proliferation Induce G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ Cdk1 & cyclin B1 | 0–50 μM | 12.51 μM (24 h) 7.75 μM (72 h) | [24] |
A549, H460, H226, H1299 | Reduce invasive potential Inhibit PGE2-induced cell migration: ↓ PGE2 production ↓ COX-2 ↑ β-catenin degradation ↓ NF-κB/p65 activity ↓ IKKα | 0–20 μM | N/A | [44] |
A549, H1299 | Inhibit cell viability and growth: ↓ class I HDAC proteins; ↓ HDAC activity; ↑ histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity; ↑ histone H3 & H4 Induce G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin D1 & cyclin D2; ↓ Cdk2, Cdk4 & Cdk6 | 0–60 μM | N/A | [45] |
H460 & A549 | Inhibit cell proliferation Induce apoptosis: ↑ cathepsin D; ↑ cleaved PARP; ↑ caspase-3 Inhibit autophagy: ↑ p62; ↑ LC3-II | 0–60 μM | H460: ~30 μM (48 h)
A549: ~40 μM (48 h) | [46] |
Pc9-BrM3 & H2030-BrM3 (brain metastatic) | Inhibit cell proliferation and cell invasion: ↓ STAT3 protein phosphorylation; ↓ STAT-3 mediated mitochondrial respiratory function | 0–50 μM | PC9-BrM3: 28.4 μM (48 h)
H2030-BrM3: 25.7 μM (48 h) | [47] |
H23, A549 & HCC827 | Inhibit cell growth Induce G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓EGFR; ↓ class I HDAC; ↓ class IIb HDAC6 activity; ↑ Hsp90 acetylation & EGFR degradation | 0–40 μM | A549: 23.55 μM (24h) | [48] |
H460, A549, H358 | Inhibit cell growth: ↓ c-RAF, ERK & AKT phosphorylation Inhibit colony formation capacity Induce apoptosis: ↑ Bax protein; ↓ Bcl-2 protein; ↑ PARP cleavage Induce G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin D1; ↑ p21 & p27; ↓ P70S6k kinase activity Induce autophagy: ↑ LC3-I conversion to LC3-II; ↑ Sirt3 mRNA & protein; ↓ Hif-1α protein | 0–80 μM | H460: 30.42 μM (72 h) A549: 50.58 μM (72 h) H358: 59.38 μM (72 h) | [49] |
A549 & 95-D | Inhibit cell viability Induce apoptosis: ↑ ER stress signalling pathway activation; ↑ GRP78, phosphorylation PERK & phosphorylated IRE1α; ↑ cleaved caspase-9 & CHOP; ↓ Bcl-2 protein; ↑ Bax, caspase-3 & caspase-9 Inhibit cell migration | 0–60 μM | N/A | [50] |
CH27, H460 & H1299 | Inhibit cell growth Induce apoptosis: ↓ Bcl-XL; ↑ mitochondrial cytochrome c release; ↑ BAD protein; ↑ caspase-1, caspase-2, caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-8 & caspase-9 activity; ↑ PARP cleavage | 0–100 μM | CH27: 40.9 μM (24 h)
H460: 41.4 μM (24 h)
H1299: 34.7 μM (24 h) | [25] |
MSTO-211H | Inhibit cell viability Induce apoptosis: ↑ PARP cleavage; ↑ caspase-3 activation; ↓ Bid & Bcl-xL protein; ↑ Bax protein; ↓ Mcl-1 & survivin protein; ↓ Sp1 Induce G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin D1 | 0–22.5 μM | N/A | [51] |
Skin cancer | SK-MEL2 & MeWo | Inhibit cell growth & cell proliferation Induce apoptosis via DNA degradation Induce cell death via mitochondrial depolarization | 0–100 μM | N/A | [52] |
A431 | Inhibit cell viability & proliferation Induce G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin A, cyclin D1, cyclin D2 & cyclin E; ↓ Cdk2, Cdk4 & Cdk6; ↑ p21 & p27 Induce cell apoptosis: ↑ PARP | 0–75 μM | N/A | [53] |
B16-F10 | Inhibit cell proliferation Induce cell death: ↑ Autophagosome (vacuoles) formation; ↓ cyclin D1; ↓ AKT/mTOR & Notch signalling | 0–50 μM | N/A | [54] |
B16/F-10 & SKMEL-28 | Inhibit cell proliferation & viability: ↓ Notch signalling; ↓ TACE & γ-secretase complex proteins Inhibit clonogenicity Induce G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest Induce autophagy: ↑ autophagosome formation; ↑ LC3B cleavage Inhibit cell stemness: ↓ CD271, CD166, Jarid1B & ABCB5 | 0–60 μM | N/A | [55] |
UACC903 | Inhibit cell growth & proliferation | 0–50 μM | 7.45 μM (24 h) 5.10 μM (72 h) | [24] |
SKMEL-2 | Inhibit cell proliferation & viability Induce apoptotic death: ↑ caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-8 & caspase-9; ↑ PARP cleavage; ↓ procaspase-3, procaspase-8 & procaspase-9 Induce G2/M phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin B1, cyclin D1, cyclin D2 & PCNA; ↓ Cdk2 & Cdk4; ↑ p21 & p53 | 0–100 μM | N/A | [56] |
UACC-62 | Inhibit cell proliferation & viability Induce apoptotic death: ↑ caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-8 & caspase-9; ↑ cleaved PARP; ↓ procaspase-3, procaspase-8 & procaspase-9 Induce G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin B1, cyclin D1 & cyclin D2; ↓ Cdk2, Cdk4 & Cdc2p34; ↓ p21 & p27 | 0–100 μM | N/A | [56] |
Renal cancer | A498 | Inhibit cell proliferation Inhibit colony formation capability Inhibit cell migration and invasion: ↓ Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); ↓ cancer stem cells (CSC) properties; ↑ miR-141; ↓ ZEB2 Inhibit tumoursphere formation | 0–80 μM | ~12 μM (72 h) | [57] |
Cervix cancer | KB-3-1, KB-8-5, KB-C1, KB-V1 | Inhibit cell viability: ↓ EGFR-STAT3 signalling Induce mitochondria-dependent & death receptor-dependent apoptosis: ↓ Bcl-2, Mcl-1 & survivin; ↑ PARP & caspase-3 cleavage; ↑ mitochondrial release of cytochrome c; ↑ DR5 Enhances in vitro cytotoxicity of Paclitaxel | 0–75 μM | KB-3-1: 12.56 μM (72 h) KB-8-5: 12.08 μM (72 h) KB-C1: 11.40 μM (72 h) KB-V1: 10.39 μM (72 h) | [31] |
Pancreatic cancer | MiaPaCa & Colo-357 | Suppress plating efficiency of cells Reduce anchorage-independent clonogenicity growth Suppress migration and invasion ability | 0–5 μM | N/A | [58] |
MiaPaCa & Panc1 | Inhibit cell growth Induce G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin D1 & cyclin E; ↓ Cdk2 & Cdk4; ↑ p21 & p27 Induce apoptosis: ↓ Bcl-2 & Bcl-xL proteins; ↑ Bax protein; ↓ IKB-α phosphorylation; ↓ NF-κB constitutive activation | 0–60 μM | MiaPaCa: 43.25 μM (24 h) 31.08 μM (48 h) 18.54 μM (72 h)
Panc1: 47.44 μM (24 h) 34.17 μM (48 h) 21.86 μM (72 h) | [59] |
Thyroid cancer | ARO, WRO | Inhibit cell growth & proliferation: ↓ ERK, JNK & p37 activation and expression; ↓ mTOR & p70S6K Inhibit colony formation Induce apoptosis: ↑ PARP cleavage; ↑ caspase-3, caspase-8 & PARP activation; ↓ PI3K/AKT & MAPK pathways Induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin D1; ↓ Cdk2 & Cdk4; ↑ p21 & p27 Induce autophagy & autophagy flux: ↑ LC3-II | ARO & WRO: 0–60 μM
SW579: 0–40 μM | ARO: 36.3 μM (24 h) 40.1 μM (48 h) 44.8 μM (72 h)
WRO: 37.7 μM (24 h) 31.8 μM (48 h) 30.7 μM (72 h)
SW579: 19.9 μM (24 h) 10.5 μM (48 h) 8.8 μM (72 h) | [60] |
Nasopharyngeal cancer | HNE-1 | Inhibit cell growth Induce apoptosis Induce G1 phase cell cycle arrest | 0–150 μM (Honokiol & ATNH—Active targeting nanoparticles-loaded honokiol) | Honokiol: 144.71 μM (24 h)
ATNH: 69.04 μM (24 h) | [30] |
Brain cancer | U251 | Inhibit cell growth Inhibit cell proliferation Induce apoptosis | 0–120 μM | 61.43 μM (24 h) | [61] |
T98G | Inhibit cell viability Inhibit cell invasion Induce cell apoptosis: ↑ Bax protein; ↓ Bcl-2; ↑ Bax/Bcl-2 ratio | 0–50 μM | N/A | [62] |
GBM8401 (Parental) & GBM8401 SP | Inhibit cell proliferation & viability Induce sub-G1 phase cell cycle arrest Induce apoptosis: ↓ Notch3/Hes1 pathway | 0–20 μM | GBM8401 (Parental): 5.30 μM (48 h)
GBM8401 SP: 11.20 μM (48 h) | [36] |
U251 & U-87 MG | Inhibit cell viability & proliferation: ↓ PI3K/Akt & MAPK/Erk signalling pathways Inhibit cell invasion & migration: ↓ MMP2 & MMP9; ↓ NF-κB-mediated E-cadherin pathway Inhibit colony formation Induce apoptosis: ↓ Bcl-2, p-AKT & p-ERK; ↑ Bax protein; ↑ caspase-3 cleavage; ↓ EGFR-STAT3 signalling Reduce spheroid formation: ↓ CD133 & Nestin protein | 0–60 μM | U251: 54.00 μM (24 h)
U-87 MG: 62.50 μM (24 h) | [63] |
DBTRG-05MG | Inhibit cell growth Induce apoptosis: ↓ Rb protein; ↑ PARP & Bcl-x(S/L) cleavage Induce autophagy: ↑ Beclin-1 & LC3-II | 0–50 μM | ~30 μM | [64] |
U87 MG (Human)
BMEC (Mouse) | Inhibit cell viability Inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT): ↓ Snail, β-catenin & N-cadherin; ↑ E-cadherin Inhibit cell adhesion & invasion: ↓ VCAM-1; ↓ phosphor-VE-cadherin-mediated BMEC permeability | 0–20 μM | U87MG: 22.66 μM (24 h)
BMEC: 13.09 μM (24 h) | [65] |
U87 MG | Inhibit cell viability Induce G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↑ p21 & p53; ↓ cyclin D1; ↓ Cdk4 & Cdk6; ↓ p-Rb protein; ↓ E2F1 Induce apoptosis: ↓ procaspase-3; ↑ caspase-8 & caspase-9 activity | 0–100 μM | 52.70 μM | [66] |
Bone cancer | HOS & U20S | Inhibit cell proliferation Inhibit colony formation Induce G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin D1 & cyclin E; ↓ Cdk4 Induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis: ↑ caspase-3 & caspase-9 activation; ↑ PARP cleavage; ↓ Bcl-2, Bcl-xL & survivin; ↑ ERK activation; ↓ proteasome activity; ↑ ER stress and subsequent ROS overgeneration; ↑ GRP78 Induce autophagy: ↑ Atg7 protein activation; ↑ Atg5; ↑ LC3B-II | 0–30 μM | HOS: 17.70 μM (24 h)
U20S: 21.50 μM (24 h) | [67] |
SAOS-2, HOS, 143B, MG-63 M8, HU09, HU09 M132
Dunn, LM5, LM8 & LM8-LacZ (Mouse) | Inhibit cell metabolic activity Inhibit cell proliferation Inhibit cell migration Induce rapid cell death via Honokiol-provoked vacuolation | 0–150 μM | (72 h) SAOS-2: 48.38 μM HOS: 51.38 μM 143B: 41.63 μM MG-63M8: 34.88 μM HU09: 59.25 μM HU09M132: 31.88 μM
(72 h) Dunn: 36.00 μM LM5: 30.00 μM LM8: 31.13 μM | [68] |
Saos-2 & MG-63 | Inhibit cell viability Induce apoptosis: ↑ caspase-3 & PARP cleavage; ↑ Bax protein; ↓ Bcl-2; ↓ PI3K/AKT signalling pathway; ↓ miR-21 | 0–100 μM | Saos-2: 37.85 μM (24 h)
MG-63: 38.24 μM (24h) | [69] |
Oral cancer | OC2 & OCSL | Inhibit cell growth Induce G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↑ cyclin E accumulation; ↑ p21 & p27; ↓ cyclin D1, ↓ Cdk2 & Cdk4 Induce apoptosis: ↓ caspase-8 & caspase-9; ↑ caspase-3 cleavage; ↓ Bid protein Induce autophagy and autophagic flux: ↑ LC3-II; ↓ Akt/mTORC1 pathway; ↑ AMPK signalling pathway; ↑ p62 | 0–60 μM | OC2: 35.00 μM (24 h) 22.00 μM (48 h)
OCSL: 33 μM (24 h) 13 μM (48 h) | [26] |
HN-22 & HSC-4 | Inhibit cell viability Induce apoptosis: ↓ Sp1 protein; ↑ p21 & p27; ↑ PARP & caspase-3 activation; ↓ Mcl-1 & survivin protein Induce G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin D1 | 0–37.5 μM | HN-22: 26.63 μM (48 h)
HSC-4: 30.00 μM (48 h) | [70] |
Liver cancer | HepG2 | Inhibit cell growth & proliferation: ↓ β-catenin protein Induce apoptosis: ↑ BAD protein; ↓ Bcl-2 protein Upregulation of BAD protein expression Downregulation of Bcl-2 protein level | 0–2 μM | N/A | [71] |
SMMC-7721 | Inhibit cell growth Induce G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest Induce apoptosis: ↓ mitochondrial potential; ↑ ROS production; ↓ Bcl-2 protein; ↑ Bax protein | 0–37.5 μM | N/A | [72] |
HepG2, HUH7, PLC/PRF5, Hep3B | Inhibit cell proliferation: ↓ STAT3 activation; ↓ IL-induced Akt phosphorylation; ↓ c-Src activation; ↓ JAK1 & JAK2; ↑ SHP-1 protein Induce sub-G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin D1 Downregulation of cyclin D1 level Induce apoptosis: ↓ Bcl-2 & Bcl-xL; ↓ survivin & Mcl-1 protein; ↑ caspase-3 activation; ↑ PARP cleavage Enhance apoptotic effect of doxorubicin & paclitaxel | 0–100 μM | N/A | [32] |
Ovarian cancer | A2780s & A2780cp | Inhibit cell growth Induce apoptosis | 0–100 μM | A2780s: 36.00 μM (48 h)
A2780cp: 34.70 μM (48 h) | [73] |
SKOV3 & Caov-3 | Inhibit cell proliferation and growth Inhibit colony formation Induce apoptosis: ↑ AMPK pathway activation; ↑ caspase-3, caspase-7 & caspase-9 activation; ↑ PARP cleavage Induce G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest Inhibit cell migration and invasion | 0–100 μM | SKOV: 48.71 μM (24 h)
Caov-3: 46.42 μM (24 h) | [28] |
SKOV3, COC1, Angelen & A2780 | Inhibit cell proliferation Induce cell apoptosis: ↓ Bcl-xL; ↑ BAD protein; ↑ caspase-3 activation Induce G1 phase cell cycle arrest | 0–93.75 μM | SKOV3: 62.63 μM (24 h)
COC1: 73.50 μM (24 h)
Angelen: 61.50 μM (24 h)
A2780: 55.85 μM (24 h) | [74] |
Prostate cancer | PC-3 & LNCaP | Inhibit cell viability Induce G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin D1 & cyclin E; ↓ Cdk2, Cdk4 & Cdk6; ↑ p21 & p53; ↓ Rb & E2F1 proteins; ↓ Rb phosphorylation at Ser807/811; ↑ ROS generation | 0–60 μM | N/A | [75] |
PC-3, LNCaP & C4-2 | Inhibit cell growth Induce apoptosis: ↑ caspase-3, caspase-8 & caspase-9 activation; ↑ PARP cleavage Induce apoptosis via DNA fragmentation: ↑ Bax & Bak proteins; ↓ Mcl-1 protein | 0–75 μM |
18.75–37.50 μM (24 h)
| [76] |
PC-3, LNCaP | Inhibit cell viability Induce autophagy: ↑ LC3-BII protein; ↓ mTOR pathway Induce apoptosis via DNA fragmentation: ↑ ROS generation | 0–40 μM | N/A | [77] |
Head & neck squamous cancer | Cal-33 & MD-1483 | Inhibit cell growth Induce cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest: ↓ EGFR signalling pathway; ↓ STAT3 signalling pathway; ↓ Bcl-xL & cyclin D1; ↓ phosphorylation p42/p44 MAPK & phosphorylated Akt | 0–100 μM | Cal-33: 3.80 μM (72 h)
1483: 7.44 μM (72 h) | [78] |
Neuroblastoma | Neuro-2a | Induce apoptosis via DNA fragmentation: ↑ caspase-3, caspase-6 & caspase-9 activation; ↑ Bax protein; ↓ mitochondrial membrane potential; ↑ cytochrome c releaseInduce sub-G1 phase cell cycle arrest | 0–100 μM | 63.3 μM (72 h) | [79] |
Neuro-2a & NB41A3 | Inhibit cell viability Induce autophagy: ↑ LC3-II; ↑ PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway; ↑ Grp78; ↑ ROS generation; ↑ ERK1/2; ↑ p-ERK1Induce apoptosis via DNA fragmentation Inhibit cell migration | 0–100 μM | Neuro-2a: ~50 μM (72 h) | [80] |
Bladder cancer | T24 & 5637 | Inhibit cell viability and induce apoptosis: ↑ Bax protein; ↑ PARP cleavage; ↓ Bcl-2 protein Inhibit clonogenicity Induce G1 phase cell cycle arrest: ↓ cyclin D1; ↑ p21 & p27 Inhibit sphere formation capacity Inhibit cell migration & invasion: ↓ EZH2 gene expression; ↓ MMP9 Inhibit cell stemness: ↓ EZH2 gene expression; ↓ CD44 & Sox2; ↑ miR-143 overexpression | 0–72 μM | N/A | [81] |