Genomic-Destabilization-Associated Mutagenesis and Clonal Evolution of Cells with Mutations in Tumor-Suppressor Genes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mutations Induced along with Genomic Destabilization
2.1. Mutation Rate and Its Association with Cancer Risk
2.2. Mutation Induction when Replication-Stress-Associated DSBs Accumulate
2.3. Senescence-Associated Increase in the Risk of Genomic Destabilization
2.4. Genomic-Destabilization-Associated Mutagenesis in Cancer Development
2.5. Epigenetic Alterations as a Cause of Genomic Destabilization
2.6. Avoidable or Unavoidable?
2.7. Mutations in Cancer-Suppressor Genes
3. Clonal Evolution of Cells with Abrogated Defense Systems
3.1. Genomic-Destabilization-Triggered Clonal Evolution
3.2. Transcription Variety and Epigenetic Alteration for Clonal Evolution
3.3. Association of Immune Response with Clonal Evolution
4. Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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During Normal Replication | Under Replication Stress | |
---|---|---|
MMR-proficient cells | ||
Operating DNA polymerases | Polα, Polδ, and Polε | TLS pols (*1) |
Mutation rate | Low | High |
Genomic destabilization risk and genomic instability type caused | No | CIN |
Genomic-instability-associated alterations risking cancer-driver mutations | No | Gene amplification, LOH, and deletion (*2) |
MMR-deficient cells | ||
Operating DNA polymerases | Polδ and Polε | TLS pols (*1) |
Mutation rate | High | Very high |
Genomic destabilization risk and genomic instability type caused | No | MSI |
Genomic-instability-associated alterations risking cancer-driver mutations | No | LOH and deletion (*3) |
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Yoshioka, K.-i.; Matsuno, Y.; Hyodo, M.; Fujimori, H. Genomic-Destabilization-Associated Mutagenesis and Clonal Evolution of Cells with Mutations in Tumor-Suppressor Genes. Cancers 2019, 11, 1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11111643
Yoshioka K-i, Matsuno Y, Hyodo M, Fujimori H. Genomic-Destabilization-Associated Mutagenesis and Clonal Evolution of Cells with Mutations in Tumor-Suppressor Genes. Cancers. 2019; 11(11):1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11111643
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoshioka, Ken-ichi, Yusuke Matsuno, Mai Hyodo, and Haruka Fujimori. 2019. "Genomic-Destabilization-Associated Mutagenesis and Clonal Evolution of Cells with Mutations in Tumor-Suppressor Genes" Cancers 11, no. 11: 1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11111643