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Micromachines
Volume 16
Issue 12
10.3390/mi16121404
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Optimizing Magnet Spacing to Enhance Power and Energy Density in Magnetically Levitated Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvesters

by
Madina Alimova
1,
Elvira Kadylbekkyzy
1,
Nurtay Albanbay
2,*,
Aigerim Issimova
3,
Rinat Ilesibekov
2 and
Bekbolat Medetov
4
1
Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications, Baitursynuly Street 126/1, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
2
Institute of Automation and Information Technologies, Satbayev University, Satbayev 22, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
3
Faculty of Physics and Technology, Department of Electronics and Astrophysics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
4
Faculty of Physics and Engineering, Department of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Satpayev 2, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Micromachines 2025, 16(12), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16121404 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 7 November 2025 / Revised: 29 November 2025 / Accepted: 12 December 2025 / Published: 13 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section E：Engineering and Technology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

In this study, we investigate a magnetically levitated electromagnetic vibration energy harvester (EMEH), in which a movable permanent magnet levitates between two fixed magnets with like poles facing the central magnet. We develop a nonlinear EMEH model and validate it experimentally, achieving strong agreement with the prototype (R2 = 0.95 for RMS EMF). Using this model, we perform a parametric analysis of excitation frequency and the spacing between the fixed magnets (d), yielding practical design criteria for geometry selection. The validated model predicts a narrow maximum; for the present configuration and parameter bounds, it occurs at d ≈ 28 mm with Pout ≈ 151.94 mW, and the corresponding energy density is ρE ≈ 9.84 mW cm−3. These results yield a practical design rule for selecting d given target metrics and dimensional constraints, providing guidance for the design of compact, low-frequency harvesters powering autonomous sensor nodes.
Keywords: electromagnetic vibration transducer; magnetic levitation; electromagnetic generator; nonlinear dynamics; self-induction; bandwidth; energy density; IoT sensor nodes electromagnetic vibration transducer; magnetic levitation; electromagnetic generator; nonlinear dynamics; self-induction; bandwidth; energy density; IoT sensor nodes

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MDPI and ACS Style

Alimova, M.; Kadylbekkyzy, E.; Albanbay, N.; Issimova, A.; Ilesibekov, R.; Medetov, B. Optimizing Magnet Spacing to Enhance Power and Energy Density in Magnetically Levitated Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvesters. Micromachines 2025, 16, 1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16121404

AMA Style

Alimova M, Kadylbekkyzy E, Albanbay N, Issimova A, Ilesibekov R, Medetov B. Optimizing Magnet Spacing to Enhance Power and Energy Density in Magnetically Levitated Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvesters. Micromachines. 2025; 16(12):1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16121404

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alimova, Madina, Elvira Kadylbekkyzy, Nurtay Albanbay, Aigerim Issimova, Rinat Ilesibekov, and Bekbolat Medetov. 2025. "Optimizing Magnet Spacing to Enhance Power and Energy Density in Magnetically Levitated Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvesters" Micromachines 16, no. 12: 1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16121404

APA Style

Alimova, M., Kadylbekkyzy, E., Albanbay, N., Issimova, A., Ilesibekov, R., & Medetov, B. (2025). Optimizing Magnet Spacing to Enhance Power and Energy Density in Magnetically Levitated Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvesters. Micromachines, 16(12), 1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16121404

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