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Micromachines
Volume 17
Issue 3
10.3390/mi17030299
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Article

Electrochemical Characterization and Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Etamsylate at a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode

by
Joanna Smajdor-Baran
*,
Katarzyna Fendrych
,
Bogusław Baś
and
Robert Piech
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Micromachines 2026, 17(3), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17030299
Submission received: 29 January 2026 / Revised: 25 February 2026 / Accepted: 25 February 2026 / Published: 27 February 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro- and Nanosensors: Fabrication, Applications and Performance Enhancements, Third Edition)
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Abstract

This study presents the development of a highly sensitive and selective electrochemical method for the determination of etamsylate (ETM) using a Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) electrode. Analytical conditions were optimized using Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV), establishing an orthophosphoric acid (V) solution as the ideal supporting electrolyte. Under optimized instrumental parameters, the sensor demonstrated a superior linear response with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) was 0.10 µmol L−1 (0.026 mg L−1), with very good repeatability, indicated by an RSD of 3.17%. The practical utility of the BDD electrode was confirmed through the analysis of pharmaceutical and spiked biological samples, yielding recovery values between 95% and 102%. The results indicate that this method serves as a robust, cost-effective, and efficient alternative for routine quality control, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring of etamsylate.
Keywords: etamsylate; Boron-Doped Diamond electrode; Square Wave Voltammetry etamsylate; Boron-Doped Diamond electrode; Square Wave Voltammetry

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MDPI and ACS Style

Smajdor-Baran, J.; Fendrych, K.; Baś, B.; Piech, R. Electrochemical Characterization and Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Etamsylate at a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. Micromachines 2026, 17, 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17030299

AMA Style

Smajdor-Baran J, Fendrych K, Baś B, Piech R. Electrochemical Characterization and Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Etamsylate at a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. Micromachines. 2026; 17(3):299. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17030299

Chicago/Turabian Style

Smajdor-Baran, Joanna, Katarzyna Fendrych, Bogusław Baś, and Robert Piech. 2026. "Electrochemical Characterization and Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Etamsylate at a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode" Micromachines 17, no. 3: 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17030299

APA Style

Smajdor-Baran, J., Fendrych, K., Baś, B., & Piech, R. (2026). Electrochemical Characterization and Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Etamsylate at a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. Micromachines, 17(3), 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17030299

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