Designing Vaccines to Neutralize Effective Toxin Delivery by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. ETEC Enterotoxins
2.1. Heat-Labile Toxin (LT)
2.2. Heat-Stable Toxins (ST)
3. Strategies to Neutralize Toxin Delivery
3.1. Essential Requirements for an Effective Vaccine
Virulence feature | Biology/structure | Function(s) | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|
colonization factors | plasmid-encoded fimbrial, fibrillar structures belonging to chaperone-usher-pilus (CUP) family (length ~1 µm) | structural adhesin | [12] |
type 1 fimbriae | chromosomally-encoded CUP fimbrial structures (length ~1 µm) | structural adhesin | [13,14] |
flagella | peritrichous arrangement; (length ~10 µm) | motility, adhesion | [15] |
EtpA | 170 kD secreted two-partner secretion protein | extracellular bridging adhesin | [16] |
EatA | serine protease autotransporter | mucin/adhesin degradation | [17] |
YghJ | secreted T2SS effector; metalloprotease | mucin degradation | [18] |
3.2. Direct Toxin Neutralization
3.2.1. Anti-LT Toxoids
3.2.2. Anti-ST Toxoids
3.3. Classical Colonization Factor-Based Approaches
3.4. Identification of Novel Antigens Involved in Toxin Delivery
3.4.1. EtpA Two-Partner Secretion Adhesin
3.4.2. Type 1 Fimbriae
3.4.3. Flagellin
3.4.4. Secreted Mucin-Degrading Enzymes
4. Antigen Conservation
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fleckenstein, J.M.; Sheikh, A. Designing Vaccines to Neutralize Effective Toxin Delivery by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Toxins 2014, 6, 1799-1812. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6061799
Fleckenstein JM, Sheikh A. Designing Vaccines to Neutralize Effective Toxin Delivery by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Toxins. 2014; 6(6):1799-1812. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6061799
Chicago/Turabian StyleFleckenstein, James M., and Alaullah Sheikh. 2014. "Designing Vaccines to Neutralize Effective Toxin Delivery by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli" Toxins 6, no. 6: 1799-1812. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6061799