Mechanisms of Aflatoxin Detoxification: Adsorption and Inhibition Strategies

Aflatoxins (AFs), toxic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species, represent a major threat to food safety and public health due to their pronounced hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects. With increasing global contamination risks driven by climate change and agricultural practices, the development of effective detoxification strategies has become a critical priority. This review provides a comprehensive and mechanistic overview of current aflatoxin (AF) decontamination approaches, focusing on two principal pathways: adsorption and inhibition strategies. Adsorption mechanisms involve the physicochemical sequestration of aflatoxins by inorganic materials, biological adsorbents, and engineered nanocomposites, thereby reducing toxin bioavailability. In contrast, inhibition strategies target fungal growth, toxin biosynthesis pathways, or promote enzymatic and microbial degradation of aflatoxins, offering more specific and potentially sustainable control. We critically analyze the underlying mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of each approach, including issues related to specificity, environmental stability, safety, and interactions with food matrices. Particular emphasis is placed on the toxicological implications of detoxification processes, including the reduction in aflatoxin-induced health risks and the safety of degradation products. Finally, this review highlights the importance of integrating adsorption and inhibition strategies to achieve synergistic decontamination and detoxification effects. Future perspectives on multifunctional materials, biological control systems, and intelligent monitoring technologies are discussed to advance the development of efficient, safe, and sustainable aflatoxin mitigation strategies.