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Volume 17
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10.3390/toxins17050236
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Article

The Impact of Biocontrol Agents on the Metabolome of Penicillium nordicum Strains and Its Relation to Ochratoxin A Production on Dry-Cured Ham

by
Eva Cebrián
1,
Elia Roncero
1,
João Luz
2,
Mar Rodríguez
1,*,
Marta Sousa Silva
2,
Carlos Cordeiro
2 and
Félix Núñez
1
1
Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
2
Laboratório de FT-ICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, BioISI Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2025, 17(5), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17050236
Submission received: 19 April 2025 / Revised: 5 May 2025 / Accepted: 7 May 2025 / Published: 9 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence, Toxicity, Metabolism, Analysis and Control of Mycotoxins)
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Abstract

Throughout the process of dry-cured ham, moulds such as P. nordicum, a producer of ochratoxin A (OTA), grow on its surface. The use of combined biocontrol agents (BCAs) is a promising strategy for controlling this hazard. The goal of this study is to assess the effect of D. hansenii, S. xylosus, and P. chrysogenum as BCAs on the metabolome of two strains of P. nordicum and to understand the differences between both strains. Each ochratoxigenic strain was inoculated both individually and in combination with the BCAs onto ham for 30 days under the environmental conditions experienced during traditional ripening. Untargeted metabolomics was performed through mass spectrometry using a Q-Exactive Plus Orbitrap. The BCAs caused alterations in the metabolomes of both ochratoxigenic moulds, mainly in phenylalanine catabolism and the valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis pathways, although with some differences. In the absence of the BCAs, the metabolomes of both types of P. nordicum were globally changed, despite these being moulds of the same species. In conclusion, these data help us to understand the differences between OTA-producing strains in dry-cured ham and confirm the need to demonstrate the efficacy of BCAs against a wide range of toxigenic moulds before they can be used to minimise OTA contamination in the meat industry.
Keywords: ochratoxigenic P. nordicum; intra-species differences; D. hansenii; S. xylosus; P. chrysogenum; untargeted metabolomics; dry-cured ham ochratoxigenic P. nordicum; intra-species differences; D. hansenii; S. xylosus; P. chrysogenum; untargeted metabolomics; dry-cured ham

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cebrián, E.; Roncero, E.; Luz, J.; Rodríguez, M.; Sousa Silva, M.; Cordeiro, C.; Núñez, F. The Impact of Biocontrol Agents on the Metabolome of Penicillium nordicum Strains and Its Relation to Ochratoxin A Production on Dry-Cured Ham. Toxins 2025, 17, 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17050236

AMA Style

Cebrián E, Roncero E, Luz J, Rodríguez M, Sousa Silva M, Cordeiro C, Núñez F. The Impact of Biocontrol Agents on the Metabolome of Penicillium nordicum Strains and Its Relation to Ochratoxin A Production on Dry-Cured Ham. Toxins. 2025; 17(5):236. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17050236

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cebrián, Eva, Elia Roncero, João Luz, Mar Rodríguez, Marta Sousa Silva, Carlos Cordeiro, and Félix Núñez. 2025. "The Impact of Biocontrol Agents on the Metabolome of Penicillium nordicum Strains and Its Relation to Ochratoxin A Production on Dry-Cured Ham" Toxins 17, no. 5: 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17050236

APA Style

Cebrián, E., Roncero, E., Luz, J., Rodríguez, M., Sousa Silva, M., Cordeiro, C., & Núñez, F. (2025). The Impact of Biocontrol Agents on the Metabolome of Penicillium nordicum Strains and Its Relation to Ochratoxin A Production on Dry-Cured Ham. Toxins, 17(5), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17050236

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