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Article

Mechanisms of Cellular Responses of the Natural Alkaloid Caulerpin and Its Similarities with the Lipid-Lowering Agent Fenofibrate in Mytilus galloprovincialis

by
Michela Panni
1,†,
Marica Mezzelani
1,†,
Maria Elisa Giuliani
2,
Paola Nisi Cerioni
1,
Alessandro Nardi
1,3,
Ernesto Mollo
4,
Francesco Regoli
1,3,
Maura Benedetti
1,3,* and
Stefania Gorbi
1,3,*
1
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
2
Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic (IRCCS-INRCA), 60121 Ancona, Italy
3
National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
4
Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Toxins 2025, 17(10), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17100512
Submission received: 13 June 2025 / Revised: 29 July 2025 / Accepted: 5 September 2025 / Published: 18 October 2025
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Abstract

Marine-derived natural products have attracted increasing attention due to their promising pharmacological potential against various diseases. The present study investigated the hypolipidemic properties of the alkaloid caulerpin, a secondary metabolite of green algae of the genus Caulerpa, through an ex vivo approach with Precision-Cut Tissue Slices (PCTSs) of Mytilus galloprovincialis digestive glands. PCTSs were exposed to caulerpin (CAU) (100 µM) and fenofibrate (FFB) (100 µM) for 24, 48, and 72 h. Analyses of molecular and cellular responses pertaining to lipid metabolism suggested a similar mechanism of action between CAU and FFB in marine invertebrate species, resulting in a decrease in neutral lipid content ranging from 50 to 70%. CAU’s hypolipidemic action was not associated with increased prooxidant conditions, and slower metabolism of the natural alkaloid compared to FFB was indicated by the response of biotransformation and excretion pathways. Overall, these findings provide initial insights into the potential valorization of CAU for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications, highlighting the need for further investigation into its mechanisms of action, possible side effects, and interactions with other drugs.
Keywords: caulerpin; fenofibrate; mechanisms of action; Mytilus galloprovincialis; lipid metabolism; redox homeostasis; molecular responses caulerpin; fenofibrate; mechanisms of action; Mytilus galloprovincialis; lipid metabolism; redox homeostasis; molecular responses

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MDPI and ACS Style

Panni, M.; Mezzelani, M.; Giuliani, M.E.; Nisi Cerioni, P.; Nardi, A.; Mollo, E.; Regoli, F.; Benedetti, M.; Gorbi, S. Mechanisms of Cellular Responses of the Natural Alkaloid Caulerpin and Its Similarities with the Lipid-Lowering Agent Fenofibrate in Mytilus galloprovincialis. Toxins 2025, 17, 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17100512

AMA Style

Panni M, Mezzelani M, Giuliani ME, Nisi Cerioni P, Nardi A, Mollo E, Regoli F, Benedetti M, Gorbi S. Mechanisms of Cellular Responses of the Natural Alkaloid Caulerpin and Its Similarities with the Lipid-Lowering Agent Fenofibrate in Mytilus galloprovincialis. Toxins. 2025; 17(10):512. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17100512

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panni, Michela, Marica Mezzelani, Maria Elisa Giuliani, Paola Nisi Cerioni, Alessandro Nardi, Ernesto Mollo, Francesco Regoli, Maura Benedetti, and Stefania Gorbi. 2025. "Mechanisms of Cellular Responses of the Natural Alkaloid Caulerpin and Its Similarities with the Lipid-Lowering Agent Fenofibrate in Mytilus galloprovincialis" Toxins 17, no. 10: 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17100512

APA Style

Panni, M., Mezzelani, M., Giuliani, M. E., Nisi Cerioni, P., Nardi, A., Mollo, E., Regoli, F., Benedetti, M., & Gorbi, S. (2025). Mechanisms of Cellular Responses of the Natural Alkaloid Caulerpin and Its Similarities with the Lipid-Lowering Agent Fenofibrate in Mytilus galloprovincialis. Toxins, 17(10), 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17100512

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