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Volume 16
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Article

Quantitative Rapid Magnetic Immunoassay for Sensitive Toxin Detection in Food: Non-Covalent Functionalization of Nanolabels vs. Covalent Immobilization

by
Alexey V. Orlov
1,*,
Sergey L. Znoyko
1,
Juri A. Malkerov
1,2,
Artemiy M. Skirda
1,3,
Denis O. Novichikhin
1,
Alexandra S. Rakitina
1,2,
Zoia G. Zaitseva
1,2 and
Petr I. Nikitin
1,2,*
1
Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia
2
National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115409 Moscow, Russia
3
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 1A Kerchenskaya Street, 117303 Moscow, Russia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2024, 16(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16010005
Submission received: 31 October 2023 / Revised: 7 December 2023 / Accepted: 18 December 2023 / Published: 20 December 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foodborne Toxins and Public Health)
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Abstract

In this study, we present a novel and ultrasensitive magnetic lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) tailored for the precise detection of zearalenone, a mycotoxin with significant implications for human and animal health. A versatile and straightforward method for creating non-covalent magnetic labels is proposed and comprehensively compared with a covalent immobilization strategy. We employ the magnetic particle quantification (MPQ) technique for precise detection of the labels and characterization of their functionality, including measuring the antibody sorption density on the particle surface. Through kinetic studies using the label-free spectral phase interferometry, the rate and equilibrium constants for the binding of monoclonal antibodies with free (not bound with carrier protein) zearalenone were determined to be kon = 3.42 × 105 M−1s−1, koff = 7.05 × 10−4 s−1, and KD = 2.06 × 10−9 M. The proposed MPQ-LFIA method exhibits detection limits of 2.3 pg/mL and 7.6 pg/mL when employing magnetic labels based on covalent immobilization and non-covalent sorption, with dynamic ranges of 5.5 and 5 orders, correspondingly. We have successfully demonstrated the effective determination of zearalenone in barley flour samples contaminated with Fusarium graminearum. The ease of use and effectiveness of developed test systems further enhances their value as practical tools for addressing mycotoxin contamination challenges.
Keywords: food safety; toxin detection; magnetic lateral flow immunoassay; non-covalent magnetic labels; covalent immobilization; magnetic particle quantification; antibody sorption density; zearalenone; Fusarium graminearum; analytical performance food safety; toxin detection; magnetic lateral flow immunoassay; non-covalent magnetic labels; covalent immobilization; magnetic particle quantification; antibody sorption density; zearalenone; Fusarium graminearum; analytical performance

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MDPI and ACS Style

Orlov, A.V.; Znoyko, S.L.; Malkerov, J.A.; Skirda, A.M.; Novichikhin, D.O.; Rakitina, A.S.; Zaitseva, Z.G.; Nikitin, P.I. Quantitative Rapid Magnetic Immunoassay for Sensitive Toxin Detection in Food: Non-Covalent Functionalization of Nanolabels vs. Covalent Immobilization. Toxins 2024, 16, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16010005

AMA Style

Orlov AV, Znoyko SL, Malkerov JA, Skirda AM, Novichikhin DO, Rakitina AS, Zaitseva ZG, Nikitin PI. Quantitative Rapid Magnetic Immunoassay for Sensitive Toxin Detection in Food: Non-Covalent Functionalization of Nanolabels vs. Covalent Immobilization. Toxins. 2024; 16(1):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16010005

Chicago/Turabian Style

Orlov, Alexey V., Sergey L. Znoyko, Juri A. Malkerov, Artemiy M. Skirda, Denis O. Novichikhin, Alexandra S. Rakitina, Zoia G. Zaitseva, and Petr I. Nikitin. 2024. "Quantitative Rapid Magnetic Immunoassay for Sensitive Toxin Detection in Food: Non-Covalent Functionalization of Nanolabels vs. Covalent Immobilization" Toxins 16, no. 1: 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16010005

APA Style

Orlov, A. V., Znoyko, S. L., Malkerov, J. A., Skirda, A. M., Novichikhin, D. O., Rakitina, A. S., Zaitseva, Z. G., & Nikitin, P. I. (2024). Quantitative Rapid Magnetic Immunoassay for Sensitive Toxin Detection in Food: Non-Covalent Functionalization of Nanolabels vs. Covalent Immobilization. Toxins, 16(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16010005

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