Ochratoxin A and Citrinin Differentially Modulate Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Permeability and Innate Immune Function
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Cytotoxic Effects of OTA and CIT
2.2. Effects of OTA and CIT on Paracellular Permeability
2.3. Gene Expression Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Chemicals
5.2. Cell Culture
5.3. Cytotoxicity Assay
5.4. Transepithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) Measurement
5.5. Permeability Tracer Flux Assay
5.6. Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis
5.7. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene 1 | Primer Sequence 5′-3′ | PCR Efficiency (%) | Amplicon Length (bp) 2 | Accession No. |
---|---|---|---|---|
GAPDH: F | GATGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTGAAC | 101.711 | 100 | NM_001034034.2 |
GAPDH: R | GTCATTGATGGCGACGATGT | |||
UXT: F | TTGACACAGTGGTCCCAGAC | 96.603 | 143 | NM_001037471.2 |
UXT: R | CTTGGTGAGGTTGTCGCTGA | |||
ZO-1: F | GCGAAATGAGAAACAAGCACC | 97.78 | 121 | XM_024982012.1 |
ZO-1: R | ATGAGTTGAGTTGGGCAGGAC | |||
Claudin 3: F | AGGGACTGTGGATGAACTGC | 108.701 | 128 | NM_205801.2 |
Claudin 3: R | CAGTAGGATGGCGATGACG | |||
Occludin: F | GCCAGCATATTCCTTCTACCC | 103.487 | 139 | NM_001082433.2 |
Occludin: R | AAGAGTGGAGGCAACACAGG | |||
IL-6: F | GGCTCCCATGATTGTGGTAGTT | 105.691 | 523 | NM_173923.2 |
IL-6: R | GCCCAGTGGACAGGTTTCTG | |||
TNF-α: F | CGGTGGTGGGACTCGTATG | 103.751 | 352 | NM_173923.2 |
TNF-α: R | CTGGTTGTCTTCCAGCTTCACA | |||
TGF-β: F | CCTGAGCCAGAGGCGGACTAC | 99.181 | 130 | NM_001166068.1 |
TGF-β: R | GCTCGGACGTGTTGAAGAAC | |||
TLR4: F | GAACAGGTAGCCCAGACAGC | 99.35 | 151 | NM_174198.6 |
TLR4: R | AGGCCATGATACGGTTGAAG |
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Xu, R.; Shandilya, U.K.; Yiannikouris, A.; Karrow, N.A. Ochratoxin A and Citrinin Differentially Modulate Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Permeability and Innate Immune Function. Toxins 2022, 14, 640. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090640
Xu R, Shandilya UK, Yiannikouris A, Karrow NA. Ochratoxin A and Citrinin Differentially Modulate Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Permeability and Innate Immune Function. Toxins. 2022; 14(9):640. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090640
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Ran, Umesh K. Shandilya, Alexandros Yiannikouris, and Niel A. Karrow. 2022. "Ochratoxin A and Citrinin Differentially Modulate Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Permeability and Innate Immune Function" Toxins 14, no. 9: 640. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090640