Gut–Kidney Axis Investigations in Animal Models of Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. CKD Models Used to Assess the Gut–Kidney Axis
4. Motility Dysfunction and Gut Barrier
5. Gut Microbiota Alterations in CKD
6. Adaptation of CKD Animal Models to GM–Kidney Research
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Species | CKD Induction | Study Strengths | Study Weaknesses | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lefebvre, (2001) [16] | Beagle male dogs | SNx | colony animals, confirmed CKD, individual cages | no randomization, carnivorous, no treated control | intestinal transit time↑ |
da Graça, (2015) [17] | Wistar male rats | SNx | randomization, omnivorous colony animals | no diet description | small intestinal transit↓ |
Wang, (2001) [18] | Sprague– Dawley male rats | SNx | omnivorous colony animals, confirmed CKD, individual cages | no randomization, no-sham control, tap water, no diet description | small intestinal transit↓ (no change when fasting) |
Yu, (2018) [19] | Sprague– Dawley male rats | SNx | randomization, omnivorous colony animals | no diet description | small intestinal transit↓ inflammation, oxidative stress↑ |
Hoibian, (2018) [20] | C57Bl/6 JRj male mice | adenine diet | randomization, omnivorous colony animals | diet-induced CKD | total intestinal transit↓ colon motility↓ |
Gonzalez, (2019) [21] | rats | SNx | omnivorous, individual cages | no randomization, unknown rat line and sex, no diet description | gut barrier functions↑ diabetes↑ LPS↑ |
Huang, (2020) [22] | Balb/c male mice | SNx | randomization, blind testing, omnivorous colony animals | no housing description | GM alteration↑ gut injury↑ mRNA tight junction↓ gut permeability↑ |
Yang, (2019) [23] | C57BL/6 male mice | SNx | omnivorous colony animals, SPF environment | no randomization, no diet description | GM alteration↑ claudin-1↓ claudin-2↑ gut permeability↑ inflammation↑ |
Vaziri, (2013) [24] | Sprague– Dawley male rats | adenine diet | randomization, omnivorous colony animals | diet-induced CKD, no treated control | tight junctions↓ endotoxemia↑ inflammation, oxidative stress↑ |
Wang, (2012) [25] | Sprague– Dawley male rats | SNx | randomization, omnivorous colony animals | no housing and diet description | Intestinal permeability↑ bacterial translocation↑ inflammation↑ |
de Almeida Duarte, (2004) [26] | Wistar male rats | SNx | randomization, omnivorous colony animals | tap water | gut injury↑ bacterial translocation↑ |
Vaziri, (2013) [27] | Sprague– Dawley male rats | SNx | randomization, omnivorous colony animals | no diet description | tight junctions↓ oxidative stress↑ |
Yoshifuji, (2016) [28] | SHR male rats | SNx | randomization, omnivorous colony animals | no treated control, no housing and diet description | GM alteration↑ tight junctions↓ inflammation↑ |
Vaziri, (2012) [29] | Sprague– Dawley male rats | SNx adenine diet | randomization, omnivorous colony animals, two CKD models | no diet description | tight junctions↓ mRNA tight junctions↑ inflammation↑ |
Vaziri, (2020) [30] | Sprague– Dawley male rats | SNx | randomization, omnivorous colony animals | tight junctions↓ | |
Lau, (2015) [31] | Sprague– Dawley male rats | SNx | randomization, omnivorous colony animals | no treated control, no housing and diet description | tight junctions↓ inflammation↑ oxidative stress↑ |
Vaziri, (2014) [32] | Sprague– Dawley male rats | adenine diet | randomization, omnivorous colony animals | diet-induced CKD, no treated control | tight junctions↓ |
Hung, (2018) [33] | ICR male mice | adenine diet | omnivorous colony animals, distilled water | diet-induced CKD, no treated control | GM alteration↑ gut barrier functions↓ inflammation↑ gut permeability↑ |
Chen, (2019) [34] | Sprague– Dawley male rats | UUO | randomization, omnivorous colony animals | no housing and diet description | GM alteration↑ tight junctions↓ uremic toxins↑ SCFAs↓ inflammation↑ oxidative stress↑ |
Hsu, (2020) [35] | Sprague– Dawley female rats | adenine diet | omnivorous colony animals | no randomization, diet-induced CKD | GM alteration↑ uremic toxins↑ SCFAs↓ |
Yano, (2014) [36] | Wistar male rats | SNx | omnivorous colony animals | no randomization, no housing and diet description | mRNA ABCG2↑ uricase activity (stable) uric acid (stable) |
Ji, (2020) [37] | Sprague– Dawley male rats | SNx | randomization, omnivorous colony animals, SPF environment | no treated control, no diet description | GM alteration↑ gut injury↑ tight junctions↓ inflammation↑ LPS↑ |
Mishima, (2014) [38] | C57BL/6 male mice | adenine diet | randomization, omnivorous colony animals | diet-induced CKD, no housing description | GM alteration↑ gut barrier functions↓ uremic toxins↑ |
Characteristic | Adenine-Enriched Diet-Induced CKD | Surgery-Induced CKD |
---|---|---|
gut motility | reduced [20] | reduced [17,18,19] (increased for dogs [16]) |
leaky gut | not verified | induced [21,22,23] |
bacterial translocation | induced [24] | induced [25,26] |
tight junction | lower protein concentration [29,32,33,74] | lower protein concentration [21,22,23,28,29,30,31] structural alteration observed [22] inconclusive changes in tight junction mRNA [22,29] |
transcellular transport in the intestine | not checked | increased expression of the ABCG2 urate transporter in the ileum [36] |
gut microbiota | Metabolic changes: increased uremic toxins production, reduced SCFAs production [35] Composition changes: no similarity to the gut microbiota of CKD patients [35] | Metabolic changes: increased uremic toxins production, reduced SCFAs production [34,37] Composition changes: no similarity to the gut microbiota of CKD patients [34,37] |
main disruptors of the intestinal microbiota | modified diet [38,68,69,70] | anesthetics, analgesics, antibiotics [71,72,73] |
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Bartochowski, P.; Gayrard, N.; Bornes, S.; Druart, C.; Argilés, A.; Cordaillat-Simmons, M.; Duranton, F. Gut–Kidney Axis Investigations in Animal Models of Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins 2022, 14, 626. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090626
Bartochowski P, Gayrard N, Bornes S, Druart C, Argilés A, Cordaillat-Simmons M, Duranton F. Gut–Kidney Axis Investigations in Animal Models of Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins. 2022; 14(9):626. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090626
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartochowski, Piotr, Nathalie Gayrard, Stéphanie Bornes, Céline Druart, Angel Argilés, Magali Cordaillat-Simmons, and Flore Duranton. 2022. "Gut–Kidney Axis Investigations in Animal Models of Chronic Kidney Disease" Toxins 14, no. 9: 626. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090626