CE-MS-Based Identification of Uremic Solutes Specific to Hemodialysis Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Baseline Characteristics of HD Patients and Non-HD CKD Patients
2.2. Solutes Whose Serum Levels Were Higher in HD Patients Than in Non-HD CKD Patients
2.3. Solutes the Serum Levels of Which Were Lower in HD Patients Than in Non-HD CKD Patients
2.4. Profiling of HD Patient-Specific Uremic Solutes
2.5. Removal Rate
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Study Population
5.2. CE-MS Measurement for Metabolome Analysis
5.3. Statistical Analyses
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HD (n = 11) | Non-HD CKD Stage 5 (n = 13) | |
---|---|---|
Gender (female) | 6 (55%) | 9 (69%) |
Age (years) | 61.8 ± 6.3 | 59.5 ± 14.0 |
Duration of HD (years) | 8.1 ± 8.2 | Not Applicable |
Underlying renal disease | ||
Non-diabetes | 7 (64%) | 8 (62%) |
Diabetes | 4 (36%) | 5 (38%) |
Previous history | ||
Cardiovascular disease | 3 (27%) | 3 (23%) |
Medication | ||
Anti-hypertensive agents | 6 (55%) | 13 (100%) |
Statins | 0 (0%) | 2 (15%) |
Concentrations in HD Patients Compared to CKD Stage G5 Patients | |||
---|---|---|---|
Higher | Lower | ||
Correlations with eGFR in non-HD CKD patients [8] | Negative (Uremic) | Group A: Uremic solutes more accumulated in HD patients (26 solutes) Adipate *, Malonate *, ADMA *, Phthalate, N-Acetylglutamate, Gluconate, trans-Aconitate, Pimelate, Hippurate, 2-Isopropylmalate, N-Acetylaspartate, Glutarate, Citramalate, cis-Aconitate, 3-Indoxyl sulfate, Isethionate, Ophthalmate, Trimetylamine N-oxide, Creatininte, 7-Methylguanine, N-Acetylglucosamine, Indole-3-acetate, Cytosine, γ-Butyrobetaine, N-ε-Acetyllysine, 1-Methyladenosine | Group D: Uremic solutes less accumulated in HD patients (8 solutes) N-Acetyl-β-alanine, Succinate, Citrate, SDMA, Methionine sulfoxide, Oxamate †, 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate †, Allantoin † |
No correlation (Not uremic) | Group B: HD patients-specific uremic solutes (10 solutes) N-Acetylneuraminate *, Benzoate *, Fumarate *, Decanoate *, Glycerophosphorylcholine *, Glycerophosphate, Saccharate, S-adenosylhomocysteine divalent, Sarcosine, 5-Oxoproline | Group E: Solutes specifically lost in HD patients (14 solutes) Mucate, Pelargonate, Homoarginine/N6-N6-N6-Trimethyllysine, o-Acetylcarnitine, Lysine, Histidine, Glutamine, Methionine, Heptanoate †, 2-Hydroxyoctanoate †, Pentanoate/3-Methylbutanoate †, Piperazine †, 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate †, Butanoate † | |
Positive (Not uremic) | Group C: Solutes decreased less significantly in HD patients (2 solutes) Tyrosine *, Glutamate * | Group F: Solute decreased more significantly in HD patients (1 solute) Lactate |
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Akiyama, Y.; Kikuchi, K.; Toyohara, T.; Mishima, E.; Suzuki, C.; Suzuki, T.; Nakayama, M.; Tomioka, Y.; Soga, T.; Abe, T. CE-MS-Based Identification of Uremic Solutes Specific to Hemodialysis Patients. Toxins 2021, 13, 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050324
Akiyama Y, Kikuchi K, Toyohara T, Mishima E, Suzuki C, Suzuki T, Nakayama M, Tomioka Y, Soga T, Abe T. CE-MS-Based Identification of Uremic Solutes Specific to Hemodialysis Patients. Toxins. 2021; 13(5):324. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050324
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkiyama, Yasutoshi, Koichi Kikuchi, Takafumi Toyohara, Eikan Mishima, Chitose Suzuki, Takehiro Suzuki, Masaaki Nakayama, Yoshihisa Tomioka, Tomoyoshi Soga, and Takaaki Abe. 2021. "CE-MS-Based Identification of Uremic Solutes Specific to Hemodialysis Patients" Toxins 13, no. 5: 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050324