Animal Venom for Medical Usage in Pharmacopuncture in Korean Medicine: Current Status and Clinical Implication
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Demographic Characteristics of Pharmacopuncture-EHD (P-EHD)
2.2. Preparation Status of Pharmacopuncture
2.3. The Preparation Process of Animal Venom Pharmacopuncture
2.4. Clinical Effectiveness of Animal Venom Therapy
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Methods
5.1. Overview of the Study
5.2. Study Sample
5.3. Questionnaire Development and Distribution
5.4. Questionnaire Items
5.5. Data Collection
5.6. Data Analysis
5.7. Literature Search of the Production Process and Clinical Effectiveness of Animal Venom Medications
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NO. | Pharmacopuncture | Composition of Pharmacopuncture | Amount of Preparation (vial) | Ratio of Preparation |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jungseong-eohyeol | Salviae Radix, Persicae Semen, Commiphora myrrha Engler, Caesalpinia sappan Linné, Olibanum, Paeoniae Radix, Corydalis yanhusuo W.T.Wang, Gardeniae Fructus | 1,373,686 | 23.45% |
2 | Bee venom | Bee venom | 779,931 | 13.32% |
3 | Hwanglyeon-haedog | Coptidis Rhizoma, Phellodendri Cortex, Scutellariae Radix, Gardeniae Fructus | 556,064 | 9.49% |
4 | Cheogchusin | Paeoniae Radix, Osterici seu Notopterygii Radix et Rhizoma, Araliae continentalis Radix, Cibotii Rhizoma, Eucommiae Cortex, Saposhnikoviae Radix, Acanthopanacis Cortex, Achyranthis Radix | 490,990 | 8.38% |
5 | Haleupagopitumgeun | Harpagophyti Radix | 272,330 | 4.65% |
6 | Jagyag-gamcho | Paeoniae Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma | 153,530 | 2.62% |
7 | Hong-hwa | Carthami Flos, Carthami tinctorii Semen | 146,380 | 2.50% |
8 | Jahageo | Hominis Placenta | 115,909 | 1.98% |
9 | Wild ginseng | Wild ginseng | 48,431 | 0.83% |
10 | Soyeom | Lonicerae japonicae Flos, Rehmanniae Radix, Forsythiae Fructus, Gardeniae Fructus | 20,275 | 0.35% |
11 | Jug-yeom | Bamboo salt | 8898 | 0.15% |
12 | Haeng-in | Armeniacae Semen | 7528 | 0.13% |
13 | Snake venom | Snake venom | 5291 | 0.09% |
14 | Cho-o | Aconiti Seoulense Tuber | 4433 | 0.08% |
15 | Yang-geumhwa | Datura metel Linné | 3530 | 0.06% |
16 | Chilpi | Rhus verniciflua Stokes | 3000 | 0.05% |
17 | Cheong-ganbohyeol | Mori Folium | 2600 | 0.04% |
18 | Toad venom | Toad venom | 2114 | 0.04% |
19 | Miso | Salmon milt | 2000 | 0.03% |
20 | Mahwang-cheono | Ephedrae Radix, Aconiti Tuber | 1910 | 0.03% |
Type of Animal Venom | Treatment Diseases | Intervention (Concentration, Treatment Sessions, Amount of Venom Use) | Clinical Effects | Adverse Events | Type of Clinical Study |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bee venom | Musculoskeletal pain [17] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.05–0.5 mg/mL -1 session: 0.01–1 mL -total 3–16 sessions: 0.05–30 mL | Positive | Skin hypersensitivity 2, itching 1, pain 2, pruritus 8, burning sensation 3 | SR |
Bee venom | Post-stroke shoulder pain [18] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.1–0.5 mg/mL -1 session: 0.1–1.5 mL -total 6–12 sessions: 0.9–13.5 mL | Positive | Pain 2, pruritus 8, burning sensation 3 | SR |
Bee venom | Shoulder pain [19] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.03–0.5 mg/mL -1 session: 0.1–1.5 mL -total 6–16 sessions: 0.6–14.8 mL | Positive | Pain 2, pruritus 8, burning sensation 3 Pruritus/local swelling/redness 30, mild, generalized swelling/aching 1 | SR |
Bee venom | Adhesive capsulitis [20] | (A) Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.1 mg/mL -1 session: 0.4 mL (first visit), 0.6 mL (second visit), 0.8 mL (third visit), 1 mL (4–16 visit) -total 16 sessions: 14.8 mL (B) Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.03 mg/mL -1 session: 0.4 mL (first visit), 0.6 mL (second visit), 0.8 mL (third visit), 1 mL (4–16 visit) -total 16 sessions: 14.8 mL | Positive | Pruritus/local swelling/redness 30, mild, generalized swelling/aching 1 | RCT |
Bee venom | Adhesive capsulitis [21] | (A) Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.1 mg/mL -1 session: 0.4 mL (first visit), 0.6 mL (second visit), 0.8 mL (third visit), 1 mL (4–16 visit) -total 16 sessions: 14.8 mL (B) Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.03 mg/mL -1 session: 0.4 mL (first visit), 0.6 mL (second visit), 0.8 mL (third visit), 1 mL (4–16 visit) -total 16 sessions: 14.8 mL | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Central post stroke pain [22] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: n.r. -1 session: 0.3 mL -total 6 sessions: 1.8 mL | Positive | No adverse events | RCT |
Bee venom | Chronic low back pain [23] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.05 mg/mL -1 session: 2 mL (first week), 4 mL (second week), 8 mL (third week) -total 6 sessions: 28 mL | Positive | Itching/sensation 4, headache 1, generalized myalgia 1 | RCT |
Bee venom | Chronic low back pain [24] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.05 mg/mL -1 session: 0.6 mL -total 8 sessions: 4.8 mL | Positive | Itching 15, skin flare 5, edema 4, rash 2 | RCT |
Bee venom | Chronic low back pain [25] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.3 mg/mL -1 session: 0.1 mL -total 5 sessions: 0.5 mL | Positive | Skin hypersensitivity 1 | RCT |
Bee venom | Delayed onset muscle soreness [26] | Bee venom gel -concentration: ultrasound gel and 1 mg/mL bee venom mixed at a ratio of 9:1 -1 session: n.r. -total 3 session: n.r. | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Herniated lumbar disc [27] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.05–0.4 mg/mL -1 session: 0.01–0.15 mL -total 7 sessions: 0.07–1.05 mL | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Herniated lumbar disc [28] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.25 mg/mL (early stage)–0.5 mg/ mL (last stage) -1 session: 0.25 mg/mL bee venom 0.1 mL, 0.5 mg/mL bee venom 1mL -total 7 sessions: 0.25 mg/mL bee venom 3 mL, 0.5 mg/mL bee venom 30 mL | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Knee osteoarthritis [29] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.3 mg/mL -1 session: 0.5–1 mL -total 8 sessions: 4–8 mL | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | knee osteoarthritis [30] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: bee venom powder 1 mg and 1 mL 0.5% lidocaine were mixed -1 session: 1.2 mL(1–3 weeks), 1.5 mL (4–12) -total 12 sessions: 17.1 mL | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Multiple sclerosis [31] | Bee venom sting therapy -concentration: bee sting -1 session: maximum 20 times -total 72 sessions: maximum 1440 times | Positive | Extreme swelling 2, itching 4, flulike symptoms 5, local tenderness/swelling/redness n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Neck pain [32] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.3 mg/mL -1 session: 0.1 mL -total: n.r. | Positive | Skin hypersensitivity 1 | RCT |
Bee venom | Pelvic inflammatory disease [33] | Bee venom gel -concentration: bee venom 20 μg/gel 1 g -1 session: n.r. -total 12 sessions: n.r. | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Temporomandibular disorder [34] | Bee venom ointment -concentration: 0.0005% -1 time: n.r. -total 42 times: n.r. | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Wrist sprain [35] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.3 mg/mL -1 session: 0.05–10.5 mL -over 2 sessions: n.r. | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Polycystic ovary syndrome [36] | Bee venom gel -concentration: n.r. -1 session: 30–50 g -total 28 sessions: 840–1400 g | NS | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Acute ankle sprain [37] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.3 mg/mL -1 session: 0.06 mL -total 7 sessions: 0.42 mL | Positive | Itching 1 | RCT |
Bee venom | Acute ankle sprain [38] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.25 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/mL -1 session: 0.25 mg/mL 0.3 mL, 0.1 mg/mL 0.2 mL -total 3 sessions: 0.25 mg/mL 0.9 mL, 0.1 mg/mL 0.6 mL | NS | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Parkinson’s disease [39] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.05 mg/mL -1 session: 1 mL -total 16 sessions: 16 mL | Positive | Itching 1 | RCT |
Bee venom | Parkinson’s disease [40] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: bee venom powder 1 mg and 20 mL normal saline were mixed -1 session: 1 mL -total 24 sessions: 24 mL | Positive | Mild pain/slight bleeding n.r., mild itching/mild swelling n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Parkinson’s disease [41] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: bee venom 0.1 mg and 1 mL of NaCl 0.9% were mixed -1 session: 0.05 mL -total 11 sessions: 0.55 mL | NS | Redness/itching n.r., insomnia 1, nausea 3, fatigue 2, dyskinesia 1, bee venom specific IgE 18, bee venom specific IgG4 12 | RCT |
Bee venom | Post-stroke shoulder pain [42] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: n.r. -1 session: 0.3–0.6 mL -total 12 sessions: 3.6–7.2 mL | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Post stroke shoulder pain [43] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.1 mg/mL -1 session: 0.6 mL -total 6 sessions: 3.6 mL | Positive | Pain 2, pruritus 8, burning sensation 3 | RCT |
Bee venom | Post-stroke shoulder pain [44] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.5 mg/mL -1 session: 0.25–0.5 mL -total 12 sessions: 3–6 mL | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Post-stroke shoulder pain [45] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.1–0.25 mg/mL -1 session: 0.1–1.5 mL -total 9 sessions: 0.9–13.5 mL | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Post-stroke shoulder pain [46] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.05 mg/mL -1 session: 0.1 mL -total 6 sessions: 0.6 mL | NS | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Rheumatoid arthritis [47] | Bee venom acupuncture -concentration: 0.3 mg/mL -1 session: 0.2–1.0 mL -total 16 sessions: 3.2–16 mL | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Bee venom | Rheumatoid arthritis [48] | Bee venom sting therapy -concentration: bee sting -1 session: 5–15 times -total 24 sessions: 120–360 times | NS | Itching 60, redness 44, swelling 41, burning sensation 9, lymph node hypertrophy 2 | RCT |
Snake venom | Acute ischemic stroke [49] | Snake venom intravenous injection -concentration:0.5–1 U/kg -1 day: 0.5–1 U/kg then variable dose to keep fibrinogen level 70–130 mg/dL -total 7–14 days | Positive | n.r. | SR |
Snake venom | Haemorrhage control in bi-maxillary orthognathic surgery [50] | Snake venom intravenous injection -concentration: 1 U/mL aqueous solution containing 0.9% sodium chloride, 0.3% phenol, and water for injection -1session: n.r. (single bolus dose before surgery) | Positive | No adverse events | RCT |
Snake venom | Haemorrhage control in fracture-related hip hemiarthroplasty [51] | Snake venom intravenous injection -concentration: n.r. -1 session: 1 U -total 3 sessions: 3 U, before surgery (10–15 h preoperative) and repeated in equivalent volumes at 30 min preoperative and 12 h postoperative | Positive | No adverse events | RCT |
Snake venom | Acute myocardial infarction [52] | Snake venom intravenous injection -concentration: 7.5 U/100mL glucose solution -1 session: 7.5 U snake venom was placed in a 100 mL 5% glucose solution, and reduced to 2.5 U -total 2–14 sessions | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Snake venom | Acute myocardial infarction [53] | Snake venom intracoronary or intravenous injection -concentration: n.r. -1 session: n.r. (single bolus dose before surgery) | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Snake venom | Haemostasis during transvesical prostatic adenomectomy [54] | Snake venom intravenous injection -concentration: n.r. -1session: 1 ample -total 14 sessions: 14 samples | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Snake venom | Acute cerebral infarction [55] | Snake venom intravenous injection -concentration: 0.0005 U/kg -1 day: 0.0005 U/kg × 2 times/day -total 7 days: 0.007 U/kg | Positive | No adverse events | RCT |
Toad venom | Cancer-related pain [56] | Toad venom intravenous injection -concentration: n.r. -1 session: n.r. -total 1 week–30 days sessions: n.r. | Positive | n.r. | SR |
Toad venom | Gastric cancer [57] | Toad venom intravenous injection -concentration: n.r. -1 session: 10–50 mL -total 28–112 days: n.r. | Positive | Leukopenia 113, nausea/vomiting 56, diarrhea 28 | SR |
Toad venom | Liver cancer [58] | Toad venom intravenous injection -concentration: n.r. -1 session: 10–30 mL -total sessions: n.r. | Positive | Nausea/vomiting 2 | SR (network meta-analysis) |
Toad venom | Metastatic bone tumors [59] | Toad venom capsule -concentration: n.r. -1 session: 500 mg -total 36 sessions: 18 g | Positive | Fever 3, nausea and vomiting 4, diarrhea 2, muscle soreness 3 | RCT |
Toad venom | Primary liver cancer [60] | Toad venom intravenous injection -concentration: n.r. -1 session: 20 mL toad venom was placed in a 250 mL 5% glucose solution -total 15 session: 300 mL (20 mL toad venom was placed in a 250 mL 5% glucose solution × 15 times) | Positive | n.r. | RCT |
Toad venom | Advanced pancreatic adenocarcinomas [61] | Toad venom injection -concentration: -1session: 20 mL m−2 over 2 h -total 15 sessions: 300 mL m−2 | NS | n.r. | RCT |
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Sung, S.-H.; Kim, J.-W.; Han, J.-E.; Shin, B.-C.; Park, J.-K.; Lee, G. Animal Venom for Medical Usage in Pharmacopuncture in Korean Medicine: Current Status and Clinical Implication. Toxins 2021, 13, 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020105
Sung S-H, Kim J-W, Han J-E, Shin B-C, Park J-K, Lee G. Animal Venom for Medical Usage in Pharmacopuncture in Korean Medicine: Current Status and Clinical Implication. Toxins. 2021; 13(2):105. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020105
Chicago/Turabian StyleSung, Soo-Hyun, Ji-Won Kim, Ji-Eun Han, Byung-Cheul Shin, Jang-Kyung Park, and Gihyun Lee. 2021. "Animal Venom for Medical Usage in Pharmacopuncture in Korean Medicine: Current Status and Clinical Implication" Toxins 13, no. 2: 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020105
APA StyleSung, S.-H., Kim, J.-W., Han, J.-E., Shin, B.-C., Park, J.-K., & Lee, G. (2021). Animal Venom for Medical Usage in Pharmacopuncture in Korean Medicine: Current Status and Clinical Implication. Toxins, 13(2), 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020105