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Volume 13
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10.3390/toxins13120860
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Article

Infant Botulism: Checklist for Timely Clinical Diagnosis and New Possible Risk Factors Originated from a Case Report and Literature Review

by
Robertino Dilena
1,*,
Mattia Pozzato
2,3,
Lucia Baselli
4,
Giovanna Chidini
5,
Sergio Barbieri
1,
Concetta Scalfaro
6,
Guido Finazzi
7,
Davide Lonati
8,
Carlo Alessandro Locatelli
8,
Alberto Cappellari
1 and
Fabrizio Anniballi
6
1
Unità di Neurofiopatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
2
Neurology Unit & MS Centre, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
3
Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
4
Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
5
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
6
National Reference Centre for Botulism, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Department of Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
7
Department of Food Control, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
8
Toxicology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2021, 13(12), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13120860
Submission received: 11 November 2021 / Revised: 24 November 2021 / Accepted: 30 November 2021 / Published: 2 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infant Botulism and Adult Intestinal Botulism)
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Abstract

Infant botulism is a rare and underdiagnosed disease caused by BoNT-producing clostridia that can temporarily colonize the intestinal lumen of infants less than one year of age. The diagnosis may be challenging because of its rareness, especially in patients showing atypical presentations or concomitant coinfections. In this paper, we report the first infant botulism case associated with Cytomegalovirus coinfection and transient hypogammaglobulinemia and discuss the meaning of these associations in terms of risk factors. Intending to help physicians perform the diagnosis, we also propose a practical clinical and diagnostic criteria checklist based on the revision of the literature.
Keywords: infant botulism; hypogammaglobulinemia; cytomegalovirus; diagnosis; risk factor; diagnostic criteria infant botulism; hypogammaglobulinemia; cytomegalovirus; diagnosis; risk factor; diagnostic criteria

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Dilena, R.; Pozzato, M.; Baselli, L.; Chidini, G.; Barbieri, S.; Scalfaro, C.; Finazzi, G.; Lonati, D.; Locatelli, C.A.; Cappellari, A.; et al. Infant Botulism: Checklist for Timely Clinical Diagnosis and New Possible Risk Factors Originated from a Case Report and Literature Review. Toxins 2021, 13, 860. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13120860

AMA Style

Dilena R, Pozzato M, Baselli L, Chidini G, Barbieri S, Scalfaro C, Finazzi G, Lonati D, Locatelli CA, Cappellari A, et al. Infant Botulism: Checklist for Timely Clinical Diagnosis and New Possible Risk Factors Originated from a Case Report and Literature Review. Toxins. 2021; 13(12):860. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13120860

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dilena, Robertino, Mattia Pozzato, Lucia Baselli, Giovanna Chidini, Sergio Barbieri, Concetta Scalfaro, Guido Finazzi, Davide Lonati, Carlo Alessandro Locatelli, Alberto Cappellari, and et al. 2021. "Infant Botulism: Checklist for Timely Clinical Diagnosis and New Possible Risk Factors Originated from a Case Report and Literature Review" Toxins 13, no. 12: 860. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13120860

APA Style

Dilena, R., Pozzato, M., Baselli, L., Chidini, G., Barbieri, S., Scalfaro, C., Finazzi, G., Lonati, D., Locatelli, C. A., Cappellari, A., & Anniballi, F. (2021). Infant Botulism: Checklist for Timely Clinical Diagnosis and New Possible Risk Factors Originated from a Case Report and Literature Review. Toxins, 13(12), 860. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13120860

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