Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Study Site
5.2. Sample Preparation
5.3. Analytical Method
5.4. Data Management and Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All Feed and Feed Ingredients (n = 67) | Dairy Feed (n = 16) | Poultry Feed (n = 27) | Feed Ingredients (Cottonseed, Soybean Meal, Maize) (n = 24) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LOD (µg/kg) | % POSITIVE | GEOMEAN (µg/kg) | RANGE (µg/kg) | MEAN ± SD (µg/kg) | % POSITIVE | GEOMEAN (µg/kg) | RANGE (µg/kg) | MEAN ± SD (µg/kg) | % POSITIVE | GEOMEAN (µg/kg) | RANGE (µg/kg) | MEAN ± SD (µg/kg) | % POSITIVE | GEOMEAN (µg/kg) | RANGE (µg/kg) | MEAN ± SD (µg/kg) | |
AFB1 | 0.2 | 69 | 2.3 | 0.5–134 | 18.3 ± 23.7 | 94 | 13.5 | 1.3–134 | 31.2 ± 34 | 93 | 4.7 | 0.5–38.8 | 10.2 ± 10 | 25 | 0.3 | 0.9–49.8 | 19.7 ± 17.2 |
AFB2 | 0.06 | 45 | 0.2 | 0.4–22.1 | 3.4 ± 4.3 | 81 | 1.4 | 0.91–22.1 | 5.1 ± 5.8 | 48 | 0.2 | 0.4–4.4 | 1.7 ± 1 | 17 | 0.1 | 1.2–7 | 3.4 ± 2.1 |
AFG1 | 0.2 | 58 | 1.1 | 0.2–123 | 13.7 ± 20.9 | 88 | 5.6 | 0.2–123 | 21.7 ± 29.8 | 70 | 1.2 | 0.6–41.7 | 6.7 ± 9.8 | 25 | 0.3 | 0.2–34.9 | 17.1 ± 11.8 |
AFG2 | 0.5 | 31 | 0.6 | 0.5–28.5 | 5.1 ± 6 | 44 | 1 | 2.7–28.5 | 8.8 ± 8.6 | 33 | 0.5 | 0.5–6.4 | 2.5 ± 2 | 21 | 0.4 | 1.6–9.6 | 4.6 ± 2.9 |
AFM1 | 0.1 | 22 | 0.1 | 0.4–11 | 2.6 ± 2.8 | 38 | 0.2 | 1.6–11 | 3.7 ± 3.3 | 15 | 0.1 | 0.4–0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 21 | 0.1 | 0.5–6.9 | 2.9 ± 2.3 |
AFs | 0.1 | 70 | 2.3 | 0.2–318.5 | 34.5 ± 51.5 | 94 | 20.4 | 1.5–318.5 | 61.5 ± 76.6 | 93 | 6.2 | 0.5–89 | 17.2 ± 20.5 | 29 | 0.2 | 0.2–99.4 | 38.9 ± 33.1 |
DON | 0.4 | 82 | 64.4 | 22.2–1037 | 317.5 ± 224.9 | 94 | 195.4 | 66.1–567 | 359.4 ± 159.1 | 100 | 271.3 | 28.2–1037 | 329.1 ± 203.2 | 54 | 6.1 | 22.2–996.1 | 244.9 ± 302.5 |
DON-3-gluc | 1 | 72 | 5.7 | 2.0–63.4 | 18.5 ± 13.7 | 88 | 11.6 | 8.1–61.7 | 22.1 ± 14.8 | 100 | 13.9 | 3.8–45.7 | 16.4 ± 9.7 | 29 | 1.2 | 2–63.4 | 19.4 ± 21 |
NIV | 0.02 | 70 | 0.9 | 0.4–285.7 | 26.1 ± 29.2 | 94 | 32.8 | 15.9–102.1 | 51.1 ± 26.8 | 96 | 31.9 | 12.1–105.5 | 43.2 ± 22.5 | 33 | 1.9 | 10–144 | 50.2 ± 46 |
FA1 | 0.6 | 54 | 2.7 | 1.6–280.4 | 35.3 ± 51.2 | 38 | 1.7 | 13.8–83.2 | 39 ± 23.8 | 52 | 2 | 3.3–29.2 | 14.2 ± 8.1 | 67 | 5.3 | 1.6–280.4 | 52.2 ± 70.4 |
FA2 | 0.6 | 66 | 4.7 | 2.4–175.6 | 31.2 ± 34.2 | 75 | 7.7 | 4.7–87.2 | 31.9 ± 24.9 | 74 | 5.9 | 2.4–103.1 | 24.5 ± 26 | 50 | 2.6 | 5.7–175.6 | 41.6 ± 48.6 |
FB1 | 2 | 90 | 198.5 | 32.4–8345.6 | 742 ± 1223.6 | 100 | 311.2 | 52.4–1494 | 487.9 ± 407.1 | 100 | 305.5 | 38.4–1926 | 431.4 ± 387.2 | 71 | 90.5 | 32.4–8345.6 | 1474.4 ± 2034.7 |
FB2 | 2 | 85 | 72.8 | 16.7–3313.1 | 325.4 ± 554.4 | 94 | 91 | 26.6–677.3 | 175.5 ± 158.3 | 96 | 102.2 | 23.5–728.8 | 172.9 ± 156.7 | 67 | 42.9 | 16.7–3313.1 | 713.8 ± 906.5 |
FB3 | 6 | 73 | 32.6 | 10.3–948.3 | 136.3 ± 197.1 | 63 | 22.1 | 26.4–124.3 | 79.8 ± 30.6 | 85 | 36.7 | 20.4–243 | 70.8 ± 51.8 | 67 | 37 | 10.3–948.3 | 265.8 ± 299.4 |
FB4 | 6 | 78 | 55.8 | 5.1–1283.4 | 127.2 ± 212.6 | 75 | 38.8 | 6.7–124.8 | 54.2 ± 34.9 | 89 | 41.3 | 5.5–387.8 | 73.7 ± 95.1 | 67 | 115.1 | 5.1–1283.4 | 262.3 ± 325.4 |
FUM | 0.6 | 90 | 264.6 | 32.4–11, 658.7 | 1051.1 ± 1722.4 | 100 | 414.9 | 52.4–2171.3 | 652.4 ± 559.8 | 100 | 420 | 63.7–2684.8 | 597.9 ± 541.5 | 71 | 116.6 | 32.4–11,658.7 | 2146.2 ± 2612.9 |
OTA | 1 | 3 | 0.55 | 11.9–13.8 | 12.9 ± 5.6 | 56 | 1.2 | 2–24.3 | 5.6 ± 6.8 | 19 | 0.4 | 2.5–10.6 | 4.8 ± 3 | 8 | 0.3 | 0.2–1.1 | 0.6 ± 0.4 |
Ergot | 0.4 | 73 | 11.9 | 9.9–144 | 46.8 ± 49.9 | 63 | 1.7 | 0.6–285.7 | 56.9 ± 88 | 81 | 3.1 | 1.1–113.2 | 26 ± 32.4 | 63 | 0.2 | 0.4–24.8 | 5.9 ± 7.4 |
HT-2 | 0.5 | 24 | 0.5 | 1.1–24.3 | 4.8 ± 1 | 6 | 0.6 | 11.9–11.9 | 11.9 ± 0 | 4 | 0.6 | 13.8–13.8 | 13.8 ± 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
T-2 | 0.7 | 4 | 0.4 | 2.7–5.2 | 4.1 ± 1 | 13 | 0.5 | 2.7–4.4 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 4 | 0.4 | 5.2–5.2 | 5.2 ± 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
ZEN | 0.2 | 94 | 18.1 | 0.3–910.4 | 81.3 ± 165.7 | 100 | 19.9 | 3.9–140.2 | 35.2 ± 40.7 | 100 | 56.1 | 5.2–873.4 | 103.4 ± 178.6 | 83 | 4.8 | 0.3–910.4 | 71.3 ± 196.7 |
February 2019 (n = 47) | August 2019 (n = 20) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% POSITIVE | GEOMEAN (µg/kg) | RANGE (µg/kg) | % POSITIVE | GEOMEAN (µg/kg) | RANGE (µg/kg) | |
AFB1 | 60 | 1.4 | 0.5–134 | 90 | 7.5 | 3.4–38.8 |
AFB2 | 38 | 0.2 | 0.4–22.1 | 60 | 0.4 | 0.9–5.3 |
AFG1 | 47 | 0.7 | 0.2–123 | 85 | 3.2 | 1.6–41.7 |
AFG2 | 34 | 0.6 | 0.5–28.5 | 25 | 0.5 | 0.6–12.5 |
AFM1 | 32 | 0.2 | 0.4–11 | ND | ND | ND |
AFs | 62 | 1.2 | 0.2–318.5 | 90 | 10 | 3.4–89.0 |
DON | 77 | 41.6 | 22.2–1037 | 95 | 179.9 | 28.2–743.3 |
DON-3-gluc | 62 | 3.7 | 2–63.4 | 95 | 14.5 | 3.8–61.9 |
NIV | 66 | 7.9 | 9.9–144 | 95 | 30.2 | 15.9–102.1 |
FA1 | 72 | 5.7 | 1.6–280.4 | 10 | 0.5 | 21.7–43.9 |
FA2 | 57 | 3.2 | 5.3–175.6 | 85 | 11.8 | 2.4–103.1 |
FB1 | 85 | 145.9 | 32.4–8345.6 | 100 | 409 | 69.7–1926 |
FB2 | 81 | 56.5 | 16.7–3313.1 | 95 | 132.3 | 28.3–728.8 |
FB3 | 75 | 35.3 | 10.3–948.3 | 70 | 27 | 20.5–172.7 |
FB4 | 81 | 49.5 | 5.1–1283.4 | 70 | 77.3 | 7.6–387.8 |
FUM | 85 | 192 | 32.4–11,658.7 | 100 | 562.4 | 98–2654.8 |
OTA | 6 | 0.3 | 0.2–24.3 | 65 | 1.4 | 1.9–10.6 |
Ergot | 77 | 1.1 | 0.4–154.5 | 55 | 0.5 | 0.6–285.7 |
HT-2 | ND | ND | ND | 10 | 0.7 | 11.9–13.8 |
T-2 | 2 | 0.4 | 2.7 | 10 | 0.5 | 4.4–5.2 |
ZEN | 92 | 14.4 | 0.3–910.4 | 100 | 30.8 | 4.2–131 |
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Kemboi, D.C.; Ochieng, P.E.; Antonissen, G.; Croubels, S.; Scippo, M.-L.; Okoth, S.; Kangethe, E.K.; Faas, J.; Doupovec, B.; Lindahl, J.F.; et al. Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya. Toxins 2020, 12, 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120762
Kemboi DC, Ochieng PE, Antonissen G, Croubels S, Scippo M-L, Okoth S, Kangethe EK, Faas J, Doupovec B, Lindahl JF, et al. Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya. Toxins. 2020; 12(12):762. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120762
Chicago/Turabian StyleKemboi, David Chebutia, Phillis E. Ochieng, Gunther Antonissen, Siska Croubels, Marie-Louise Scippo, Sheila Okoth, Erastus K. Kangethe, Johannes Faas, Barbara Doupovec, Johanna F. Lindahl, and et al. 2020. "Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya" Toxins 12, no. 12: 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120762