Printed Edition
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available at MDPI Books....
An Attempt to Characterize the Ciguatoxin Profile in Seriola fasciata Causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in Macaronesia
by
Pablo Estevez 1, David Castro 1, Ana Pequeño-Valtierra 1, José M. Leao 1,2
, Oscar Vilariño 1,2, Jorge Diogène 3 and Ana Gago-Martínez 1,2,*
Pablo Estevez 1, David Castro 1, Ana Pequeño-Valtierra 1, José M. Leao 1,2, Oscar Vilariño 1,2, Jorge Diogène 3 and Ana Gago-Martínez 1,2,*
1
University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
2
European Union Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, CITEXVI, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
3
IRTA, Marine and Continental Waters, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, E-43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2019, 11(4), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11040221
Received: 19 March 2019 / Revised: 9 April 2019 / Accepted: 10 April 2019 / Published: 13 April 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Marine Biotoxins)
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning is a worldwide concern caused by the consumption of fish contaminated with ciguatoxins not only in endemic regions in the Pacific Ocean or the Caribbean Sea but also in emerging areas of Macaronesia on the eastern Atlantic. The recent emergence of these toxins in other coastal areas worldwide, prompted the need for the characterization of the risk in these areas. This Ciguatera Fish Poisoning risk has been recently identified as a potential threat in subtropical areas of the Atlantic coast and scientific efforts are being focused in the identification and confirmation of the toxins involved in this potential risk. Neuroblastoma cell assay has been widely used for the evaluation of the toxicity in several marine biotoxin groups, and found to be a very useful tool for toxicity screening. LC-MS/MS has been also used for confirmatory purposes although the main limitation of the advances on LC-MS/MS development is due to commercial unavailability of reference materials and hampers method implementation and validation or even confirmation of the ciguatoxins (CTXs) responsible for the toxic profiles. While neuroblastoma cell assay (N2a) is typically used for toxicity screening as mentioned above, being necessary to confirm this N2a toxicity by LC-MS/MS, this study is designed using N2a as a tool to confirm the toxicity of the fractions obtained corresponding to potential CTXs analogues according to the analysis by LC-MS/MS. With this aim, an amberjack sample (Seriola fasciata) from Selvagen Islads (Portugal) and implicated in Ciguatera Fish Poisoning was analyzed by LC-MS/MS and Caribbean Ciguatoxins were found to be mainly responsible for the toxicity. N2a was used in this work as a tool to help in the confirmation of the toxicity of fractions obtained by HPLC. Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 was found as the main analogue responsible for the N2a toxicity while three Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX1) metabolites which contribute to the total toxicity were also identified.
View Full-Text
Keywords:
ciguatera fish poisoning; macaronesia; caribbean ciguatoxins; LC-MS/MS; N2a
▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Estevez, P.; Castro, D.; Pequeño-Valtierra, A.; Leao, J.M.; Vilariño, O.; Diogène, J.; Gago-Martínez, A. An Attempt to Characterize the Ciguatoxin Profile in Seriola fasciata Causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in Macaronesia. Toxins 2019, 11, 221.
Show more citation formats
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
