Algal Blooms and Cyanotoxins in Jordan Lake, North Carolina
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phytoplankton Dynamics
2.2. Physicochemical, Meteorological and Hydrological Parameters
2.3. Cyanotoxins
2.4. Linkages between Environmental Factors and Phytoplankton Dynamics
3. Discussion
3.1. Cyanotoxins and Phytoplankton Dynamics in Jordan Lake
3.2. Environmental Factors in Relation to Phytoplankton and Toxin Dynamics
3.3. Conclusions and Recommendations
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area and Data Collection
4.2. Phytoplankton Data
4.3. Toxin Analyses
4.4. Chlorophyll Analyses
4.5. Statistical Analyses
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site ID | DWR ID | Lat (° N) | Long (° W) | From | To | n | Depth (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | CPF086C | 35.794 | 79.004 | January 2011 | December 2016 | 98 | 5.06 |
B | CPF087D | 35.742 | 79.021 | January 2011 | December 2016 | 96 | 7.67 |
C | CPF055C | 35.687 | 79.083 | January 2011 | December 2016 | 95 | 5.87 |
D | CPF086CUPS | 35.837 | 79.001 | October 2014 | June 2016 | 26 | 1.47 |
E | CPF086C | 35.825 | 78.998 | October 2014 | December 2016 | 34 | 2.92 |
F | CPF081A1B | 35.836 | 78.976 | October 2014 | June 2016 | 25 | 1.82 |
G | CPF081A1C | 35.815 | 78.983 | October 2014 | December 2016 | 32 | 3.16 |
H | CPF055C1 | 35.699 | 79.082 | October 2014 | June 2016 | 27 | 2.25 |
I | CPF055C6 | 35.682 | 79.078 | October 2014 | June 2016 | 27 | 8.50 |
Toxin | Sample Type | Ave | Range | Positive (%) | n | LDL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MCY | Diss | 0.37 | BDL—1.98 | 15 | 65 | 0.10 |
SPATT | 39.49 | BDL—347.45 | 92 | 24 | ||
ANA | Diss | 0.2 | BDL—0.68 | 57 | 69 | 0.10 |
SPATT | 3.97 | 0.31—13.28 | 100 | 23 | ||
CYN | Diss | 0.27 | BDL—0.83 | 10 | 63 | 0.04 |
SPATT | 0.05 | BDL—0.05 | 13 | 24 | ||
BMAA | Diss | 10.75 | BDL—23.45 | 14 | 64 | 4.00 |
STX | Diss | BDL | BDL | 0 | 40 | 0.015 |
Chl a (µg L−1) | Cyano (Cells mL−1) | Cyano (mm3 m−3) | Microphyto(Cells mL−1) | Microphyto(mm3 m−3) | MCY (ng mL−1) | ANA (ng mL−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyano (cells mL−1) | 0.555 | ||||||
Cyano (mm3 m−3) | 0.515 | 0.851 | |||||
Microphyto (cells mL−1) | 0.358 | 0.367 | 0.314 | ||||
Microphyto (mm3 m−3) | 0.447 | 0.469 | 0.364 | 0.329 | |||
Diss MCY (ng mL−1) | 0.101 | 0.272 | 0.313 | 0.408 | 0.055 | ||
Diss ANA (ng mL−1) | −0.166 | 0.125 | 0.132 | −0.008 | 0.277 | 0.270 | |
NH3 (mg L−1) | −0.352 | −0.257 | −0.229 | −0.154 | −0.210 | −0.044 | −0.135 |
NOx (mg L−1) | −0.540 | −0.586 | −0.499 | −0.295 | −0.349 | −0.102 | −0.106 |
TKN (mg L−1) | 0.750 | 0.498 | 0.492 | 0.314 | 0.282 | 0.147 | −0.016 |
TP (mg L−1) | 0.217 | −0.022 | 0.061 | 0.049 | −0.031 | −0.023 | −0.183 |
TKN:TP | 0.110 | 0.306 | 0.229 | 0.089 | 0.158 | 0.200 | 0.326 |
Turbidity (NTU) | 0.164 | −0.112 | 0.002 | 0.068 | −0.105 | −0.075 | −0.230 |
Temp (°C) | 0.322 | 0.524 | 0.470 | 0.175 | 0.238 | 0.150 | 0.150 |
DO (mg L−1) | −0.018 | −0.309 | −0.229 | −0.081 | −0.101 | −0.017 | −0.125 |
pH | 0.441 | 0.458 | 0.437 | 0.200 | 0.231 | 0.255 | 0.043 |
Adj. R2 | Parameter 1 | Parameter 2 | Parameter 3 | Parameter 4 | n | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chl a | 0.680 | NH3 (−8.61) | NOx (−10.50) | TKN (19.99) | DO (5.66) | 427 |
Cyano (cells mL−1) | 0.521 | NOx (−9.10) | TKN (5.43) | DO (−5.56) | pH (8.62) | 446 |
Cyano (mm3 m−3) | 0.406 | NOx (−8.79) | TKN (6.31) | pH (6.19) | 452 | |
Microphyto (cells mL−1) | 0.132 | NOx (−4.42) | TKN (5.05) | 454 | ||
Microphyto (mm3 m−3) | 0.189 | NH3 (−3.12) | NOx (−3.99) | TKN (5.34) | Turb (−3.71) | 454 |
Location | Month/Year | Water Body | Toxin | Ave (µg L−1) | Range (µg L−1) | n | Method | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apex | August 2015–December 2016 | Jordan Lake | MCY | 0.06 | BDL—1.98 | 65 | ELISA | This Study |
CYN | 0.02 | BDL—0.83 | 63 | |||||
ANA | 0.11 | BDL—0.68 | 69 | |||||
BMAA | 9.32 | BDL—23.45 | 64 | |||||
Piedmont | June 2002–August 2002 | Jordan Lake | MCY | 0.20 * | ND | 6 | ELISA | [52] |
Kerr Scott Res | MCY | 0.30 * | ND | 6 | ||||
Tuckertown Res | MCY | 0.12 * | ND | 6 | ||||
Oak Hollow Lake | MCY | 0.10 * | ND | 6 | ||||
Falls Lake | MCY | 0.22 * | ND | 6 | ||||
Narrows Res | MCY | 0.15 * | ND | 6 | ||||
Lake Rhodhiss | MCY | 0.25 * | ND | 6 | ||||
Lake Michie | MCY | 0.15 * | ND | 6 | ||||
High Rock Lake | MCY | 0.05 * | ND | 6 | ||||
Lake Tillery | MCY | 0.35 * | ND | 6 | ||||
High Point Lake | MCY | 0.12 * | ND | 6 | ||||
Piedmont | June 2011–September 2012 | City Lake | MCY | 0.22 | BDL—0.31 | 6 | ELISA | [53] |
Oak Hollow Lake | MCY | 0.21 | BDL—0.26 | 4 | ||||
Randleman Res | MCY | 0.17 | BDL—0.18 | 7 | ||||
Lake Mackintosh | MCY | 0.17 | BDL—0.17 | 5 | ||||
Waterville | October 2007 | Waterville Res | MCY | 824.3 | ND | 3 | LC-MS | [54] |
Statewide | June 2007–July 2007 | Lake Lee | MCY | 0.21 | 0.17—0.24 | 2 | ELISA | [47] |
Lake Rhodhiss | MCY | 0.14 | BDL—0.14 | 2 | ||||
STX | 0.03 | BDL—0.03 | 2 | |||||
Lake Orange | MCY | 0.54 | 0.54 | 1 | ||||
Lake Fisher | MCY | 0.17 | 0.147 | 1 | ||||
High Rock Lake | MCY | 0.52 | 0.52 | 1 | ||||
Lake Townsend | MCY | 0.16 | 0.16 | 1 | ||||
Falls Lake | MCY | 0.28 | 0.28 | 1 | ||||
Lake Hickory | MCY | 0.16 | 0.16 | 1 | ||||
Beaverdam Lake | MCY | 0.23 | 0.23 | 1 | ||||
Graham-Mebane Lake | MCY | 0.11 | 0.11 | 1 |
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Share and Cite
Wiltsie, D.; Schnetzer, A.; Green, J.; Vander Borgh, M.; Fensin, E. Algal Blooms and Cyanotoxins in Jordan Lake, North Carolina. Toxins 2018, 10, 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020092
Wiltsie D, Schnetzer A, Green J, Vander Borgh M, Fensin E. Algal Blooms and Cyanotoxins in Jordan Lake, North Carolina. Toxins. 2018; 10(2):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020092
Chicago/Turabian StyleWiltsie, Daniel, Astrid Schnetzer, Jason Green, Mark Vander Borgh, and Elizabeth Fensin. 2018. "Algal Blooms and Cyanotoxins in Jordan Lake, North Carolina" Toxins 10, no. 2: 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020092