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Article

Multi-Occurrence of Twenty Mycotoxinsin Pasta and a Risk Assessment in the Moroccan Population

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Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V Agdal, Avenue Ibn Batouta, Rabat 10010, Morocco
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Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of València, Vicent Andrés Estelléss/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
3
Team of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, El Jadida 24000, Morocco
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2018, 10(11), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110432
Received: 30 September 2018 / Revised: 20 October 2018 / Accepted: 23 October 2018 / Published: 26 October 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methods for Mycotoxins Detection)
In the present study, the multi-occurrence of twenty (20) mycotoxins in pasta samples consumed in Morocco was assessed. For this, a modified Quick, Easy, Cheap Effective, Rugged, and Safe method was validated. The mycotoxins studied were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The validated method was applied to one hundred and six (n = 106) pasta samples purchased from several areas in the country. The analytical results showed that 99 out of 106 total samples (93.4%) were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin. Nine mycotoxins (Aflatoxin B1, Enniatin B, Enniatin B1, Enniatin A1, Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol, 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol, T-2, and HT-2 toxins) were present in the pasta samples. Enniatin B and Enniatin B1 were the predominant mycotoxins. The Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol, HT-2, and T-2 toxins were present in 51.8%, 43.5%, 34.9%, and 16% of samples, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in only 2 samples. Risk exposure assessment concluded that mycotoxin levels found in pasta do not pose a significant human health risk for the Moroccan population. This is the first paper drafted on the multi-occurrence of mycotoxins in pasta from this country. View Full-Text
Keywords: mycotoxins; occurrence; QuEChERS; pasta; risk assessment mycotoxins; occurrence; QuEChERS; pasta; risk assessment
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MDPI and ACS Style

Bouafifssa, Y.; Manyes, L.; Rahouti, M.; Mañes, J.; Berrada, H.; Zinedine, A.; Fernández-Franzón, M. Multi-Occurrence of Twenty Mycotoxinsin Pasta and a Risk Assessment in the Moroccan Population. Toxins 2018, 10, 432. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110432

AMA Style

Bouafifssa Y, Manyes L, Rahouti M, Mañes J, Berrada H, Zinedine A, Fernández-Franzón M. Multi-Occurrence of Twenty Mycotoxinsin Pasta and a Risk Assessment in the Moroccan Population. Toxins. 2018; 10(11):432. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110432

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bouafifssa, Youssef, Lara Manyes, Mohamed Rahouti, Jordi Mañes, Houda Berrada, Abdellah Zinedine, and Mónica Fernández-Franzón. 2018. "Multi-Occurrence of Twenty Mycotoxinsin Pasta and a Risk Assessment in the Moroccan Population" Toxins 10, no. 11: 432. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110432

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