Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Development and Potential Toxicity of Phormidium Biofilms in the Tarn River, France
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Spatiotemporal Variations in the Coverage and Biomass of Biofilms in the Tarn River
2.2. Relationship between Environmental Parameters and Phormidium Development in the Tarn River
2.3. Toxin Detection and Quantification
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Sites and Sample Collection
4.2. Estimation of the Extent of Phormidium Proliferation
4.3. Environmental Parameters
4.4. Study of the Composition of Photosynthetic Communities Present in the Biofilms
4.5. DNA Extraction and Estimation of Toxic Potential
4.6. Extraction of Anatoxins
4.7. Detection of Anatoxins
4.8. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Site | Flow Velocity (m s−1) | Depth (cm) | pH | T (°C) | Chlorophyll-a (μg cm−2) | Phormidium Cover (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | T1 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 21.5 ± 4.8 | 7.9 ± 0.1 | 19.6 ± 2.9 | 19 ± 10 | 13.9 ± 7.8 |
T2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 27.5 ± 16.2 | 7.8 ± 0.1 | 19.7 ± 1.1 | 13.4 ± 7.4 | 28.2 ± 20.4 | |
T3 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 27.9 ± 11.9 | 8.1 ± 0 | 21.1 ± 0 | 9.4 ± 4 | 12.9 ± 8.5 | |
T4 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 44.4 ± 17.4 | 8 ± 0.1 | 18.3 ± 2 | 8.6 ± 3.8 | 26.3 ± 22.5 | |
T5 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 35.5 ± 9.9 | 8.1 ± 0 | 17.9 ± 0 | 17.7 ± 8.7 | 7.5 ± 9.8 | |
2014 | T1 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 20.3 ± 13 | 8.4 ± 0.3 | 18.6 ± 1.2 | 16.4 ± 10.4 | 2.5 ± 3.2 |
T2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 46.9 ± 15 | 8.4 ± 0.2 | 19.3 ± 1.9 | 7.9 ± 4.5 | 31.2 ± 21.8 | |
T4 | ND * | ND | 8.1 ± 0.3 | 18.2 ± 2.1 | 24.8 ± 9.8 | <5 |
Site | Month | Sample | PCR Detection | LC-MS/MS Detection | LC-MS/MS Quantification (mg kg−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tarn 2013 | T1 | June | S1 | − | nt | |
S2 | − | nt | ||||
S3 | − | nt | ||||
July | S1 * | − | − | |||
S2 * | − | − | ||||
S3 * | − | − | ||||
August | S1 * | − | − | |||
S2 | − | − | ||||
S3 | − | − | ||||
September | S1 * | + | + | 5.42 | ||
S2 | + | + | 9.26 | |||
S3 | + | + | 5.81 | |||
T2 | August | S1 * | + | + | nq | |
S2 * | + | + | nq | |||
S3 * | − | + | nq | |||
September | S1 * | + | + | 7.34 | ||
S2 | + | + | 5.76 | |||
S3 | + | + | 5.30 | |||
T3 | August | S1 * | − | − | ||
S2 * | − | − | ||||
S3 * | − | − | ||||
T4 | August | S1 * | − | − | ||
S2 * | − | + | 3.49 | |||
S3 * | − | + | nq | |||
September | S1 | − | − | |||
S2 * | − | + | nq | |||
S3 | − | + | nq | |||
T5 | August | S1 * | − | + | 2.33 | |
S2 | − | − | ||||
S3 | − | + | 1.87 | |||
Tarn 2014 | T1 | June | S1 | − | − | |
S2 | − | − | ||||
S3 | − | − | ||||
July | S1 | − | − | |||
S2 | − | − | ||||
S3 | − | − | ||||
August | S1 | − | − | |||
S2 | − | − | ||||
S3 | − | − | ||||
September | S1 | + | + | 12.33 | ||
S2 | + | + | nq | |||
S3 | − | + | 5.93 | |||
T2 | June | S1 | − | − | ||
S2 | − | − | ||||
S3 | − | − | ||||
July | S1 | − | − | |||
S2 | − | − | ||||
S3 | − | − | ||||
August | S1 | − | + | nq | ||
S2 | + | + | nq | |||
S3 | + | + | nq | |||
September | S1 | + | + | 4.70 | ||
S2 | + | + | 15.30 | |||
S3 | + | + | 7.45 | |||
T4 | June | S1 * | − | − | ||
S2 | − | − | ||||
S3 | − | − | ||||
July | S1 | − | − | |||
S2 | − | − | ||||
S3 | − | − | ||||
August | S1 | − | − | |||
S2 | − | + | nq | |||
S3 | − | − | ||||
September | S1 | − | + | 1.84 | ||
S2 | − | + | 1.99 | |||
S3 | − | − |
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Echenique-Subiabre, I.; Tenon, M.; Humbert, J.-F.; Quiblier, C. Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Development and Potential Toxicity of Phormidium Biofilms in the Tarn River, France. Toxins 2018, 10, 418. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10100418
Echenique-Subiabre I, Tenon M, Humbert J-F, Quiblier C. Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Development and Potential Toxicity of Phormidium Biofilms in the Tarn River, France. Toxins. 2018; 10(10):418. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10100418
Chicago/Turabian StyleEchenique-Subiabre, Isidora, Maxime Tenon, Jean-François Humbert, and Catherine Quiblier. 2018. "Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Development and Potential Toxicity of Phormidium Biofilms in the Tarn River, France" Toxins 10, no. 10: 418. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10100418