Introduction to the Toxins Special Issue on “Novel Issues in Uremic Toxicity”
1. Introduction
2. Small Water-Soluble Compounds
2.1. Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO)
2.2. Lanthionine
2.3. N-Methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2PY)
2.4. Uric Acid
3. Protein Bound Compounds
3.1. Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPPs)
3.2. Indoxyl Sulfate
3.3. P-Cresylsulfate
4. Middle Molecules
4.1. Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF-23)
4.2. Modified Lipids and Lipoproteins
4.3. Cytokines
5. Comprehensive Review on Uremic Toxins at Large
6. Conclusions
References
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Author Name | Title | Toxin(s) Discussed | Reference | Reference in This Editorial | Country of Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Velasquez | Trimethylamine-N-oxide: the good, the bad and the unknown | TMA0 | 8, 326, 2016 | [10] | USA |
Perna | The sulfur metabolite lanthionine: evidence for a role as a novel uremic toxin | Lanthionine | 9, 26, 2017 | [11] | Italy |
Lenglet | N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2PY)—major metabolite of nicotinamide: an update on an old uremic toxin | 2PY | 8, 339, 2016 | [12] | France |
Hsu | High uric acid ameliorates indoxyl sulfate-induced endothelial dysfunction and is associated with lower mortality among hemodialysis patients | Uric acid IS | 9, 20, 2017 | [13] | Taiwan |
Garibaldi | Advanced oxidation protein products-modified albumin induces differentiation of RW264.7 macrophages into dendritic-like cells which is modulated by cell surface thiols | AOPPs | 9, 27, 2017 | [14] | Italy |
Leong | Indoxyl sylfate—review of toxicity and therapeutic strategies | IS | 8, 358, 2016 | [15] | USA |
Barreto * | Comment on indoxyl sulfate—review of toxicity and therapeutic strategies. Toxins 2016, 8, 358 | IS | 9, 142, 2017 | [16] | Brazil |
Wu | Impact of indoxyl sulfate on progenitor cell-related neovascularization of peripheral artery disease and post-angioplasty thrombosis of dialysis vascular access | IS | 9, 25, 2017 | [17] | Taiwan |
Karbowska | The uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate accelerates thrombotic response after vascular injury in animal models | IS | 9, 229, 2017 | [18] | Poland |
Wakamatsu | Indoxyl sulfate promotes macrophage IL-1 production by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor/NF-κ/MAPK cascades, but the NLRP3 inflammasome was not activated | IS | 10, 124, 2018 | [19] | Japan |
Gryp | P-cresyl sulfate | PCS | 9, 52, 2017 | [20] | Belgium |
Kuczera | Fibroblast growth factor-23—A potential uremic toxin | FGF-23 | 8, 369, 2016 | [21] | Poland |
Florens | Modified lipids and lipoproteins in chronic kidney disease: a new class of uremic toxins | ML&L | 8, 376, 2016 | [22] | France |
Castillo-Rodriguez | Inflammatory cytokines as uremic toxins: “Ni son todos los que estan, ni estan todos los que son” | Cytokines | 9, 114, 2017 | [23] | Spain |
Vanholder | Biochemical and clinical impact of organic uremic retention solutes: a comprehensive update | All | 10, 33, 2018 | [24] | Belgium |
− Small water soluble compounds |
o Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) |
o Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) |
o Uric acid |
− Protein bound compounds |
o Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) |
o P-cresyl sulfate |
o Indoxyl sulfate |
o Indole acetic acid |
o The kynurenines |
o Phenyl acetic acid |
− Middle molecules |
o B2-microglobulin |
o Ghrelin |
o Parathyroid hormone |
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Vanholder, R. Introduction to the Toxins Special Issue on “Novel Issues in Uremic Toxicity”. Toxins 2018, 10, 388. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10100388
Vanholder R. Introduction to the Toxins Special Issue on “Novel Issues in Uremic Toxicity”. Toxins. 2018; 10(10):388. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10100388
Chicago/Turabian StyleVanholder, Raymond. 2018. "Introduction to the Toxins Special Issue on “Novel Issues in Uremic Toxicity”" Toxins 10, no. 10: 388. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10100388