Food Consumption Patterns among U.S. Children from Birth to 23 Months of Age, 2009–2014
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
2.2. Dietary Intake and Food Group Categorization
2.3. Analytic Sample
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AMPM | Automated Multiple Pass Method |
CI | Confidence Intervals |
FITS | Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study |
MEC | Mobile Examination Center |
NHANES | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
NIS | National Immunization Survey |
USDA | United States Department of Agriculture |
WIC | Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children |
WWEIA | What We Eat in America |
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% (95% Confidence Interval) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Population | 0 to 5 Months | 6 to 11 Months | 12 to 18 Months | 19 to 23 Months | |
Total | - | 23.7 (21.2, 26.4) | 27.2 (24, 30.7) | 30.4 (27.4, 33.6) | 18.7 (16.4, 21.2) |
1824 | 512 | 584 | 445 | 283 | |
Sex | |||||
Male | 51.7 (48.9, 54.6) | 51.4 (45.8, 57.0) | 51.1 (47.1, 55.2) | 52.8 (47.2, 58.4) | 51.3 (44.5, 58.0) |
Female | 48.3 (45.4, 51.1) | 48.6 (43.0, 54.2) | 48.9 (44.8, 52.9) | 47.2 (41.6, 52.8) | 48.7 (42.0, 55.5) |
Race/Hispanic origin 2 | |||||
Non-Hispanic white | 50.7 (44.1, 57.3) | 51.8 (44.1, 59.4) | 52.8 (44.0, 61.4) | 51.2 (43.1, 59.2) | 45.6 (36.3, 55.3) |
Non-Hispanic black | 13.2 (10.6, 16.3) | 14.6 (11.4, 18.6) | 13.6 (10.3, 17.8) | 11.7 (8.6, 15.8) | 13.1 (9.4, 17.9) |
Hispanic | 27.5 (21.9, 34) | 23.1 (18.2, 28.8) | 27.0 (20.3, 35.0) | 29.5 (22.4, 37.8) | 30.7 (22.1, 40.7) |
% (95% Confidence Interval) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 to 5 Months (n = 512) | 6 to 11 Months (n = 584) | 12 to 18 Months (n = 445) | 19 to 23 Months (n = 283) | |
Beverages or other liquids | ||||
Breast milk †, ‡ | 42.9 (37.0, 49.1) | 25.8 (20.2, 32.4) | 7.6 (4.8, 11.8) | 5.5 (2.6, 11.1) |
Formula †, ‡ | 70.5 (64.9, 75.6) | 79.3 (73.6, 84.0) | 9.4 (6.2, 13.9) | 5.9 (2.9, 11.4) |
Water †, ‡ | 11.4 (8.4, 15.3) | 48.7 (44.4, 53.0) | 70.4 (64.0, 76.1) | 76.6 (69.8, 82.2) |
Whole milk †, ¥ | 0 | 5.1 (3.3, 7.8) | 70.0 (63.9, 75.4) | 55.3 (47.3, 63.0) |
Reduced or low or nonfat milk †, ¥ | 0 | 3.1 (1.7, 5.7) | 17.3 (13.1, 22.6) | 30.8 (23.5, 39.2) |
Flavored milk and/or milk substitute †, ‡ | 0 | * | 8.8 (6.1, 12.5) | 12.7 (7.1, 21.6) |
100% juice †, ‡ | 2.1 (1.2, 4) | 12.3 (9.2, 16.2) | 49.1 (42.0, 56.3) | 51.1 (44.4, 57.8) |
Sugar-sweetened beverages †, ‡ | 1.7 (1, 2.9) | 6.6 (4.7, 9.2) | 31.8 (26.5, 37.6) | 38.3 (29.9, 47.4) |
Food categories | ||||
Fruit | 8.2 (5.8, 11.5) | 69.0 (62.5, 74.9) | 78.6 (72.2, 83.8) | 68.8 (61.4, 75.3) |
Vegetables, excluding white potatoes †, ‡ | 8.1 (6.2, 10.5) | 57.4 (52.0, 62.6) | 48.2 (42.4, 54.1) | 45.1 (36.6, 54.0) |
Protein † ,‡ | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 47.6 (43.1, 52.0) | 87.0 (82.5, 90.4) | 90.2 (84.9, 93.8) |
Grains †, ‡ | 21.1 (17.1, 25.8) | 78.4 (73.5, 82.6) | 85.3 (79.9, 89.4) | 87.1 (81.7, 91.0) |
Mixed dishes †, ‡ | * | 25.6 (21.2, 30.5) | 64.9 (59.1, 70.3) | 70.8 (62.6, 77.8) |
Snacks †, ‡ | * | 12.5 (9.7, 16.1) | 57.6 (51.2, 63.8) | 56.7 (47.4, 65.5) |
Sweets †, ‡ | * | 13.6 (10.6, 17.1) | 58.9 (51.8, 65.7) | 62.9 (54.9, 70.3) |
0 to 5 Month-Olds | 6 to 11 Month-Olds | |||||
Non-Hispanic White (n = 171) | Non-Hispanic Black (n = 104) | Hispanic (n = 178) | Non-Hispanic White (n = 189) | Non-Hispanic Black (n = 109) | Hispanic (n = 236) | |
% (95% Confidence Interval) | % (95% Confidence Interval) | |||||
Beverages or other liquids | ||||||
Breast milk | 49.0 (39.0, 59.1) | 21.2 (13.2, 32.2) † | 41.9 (32.1, 52.3) ‡ | 34.8 (25.8, 44.9) | 8.4 (4.1, 16.6) † | 19.1 (12.8, 27.6) †,‡ |
Formula | 64.0 (55.6, 71.7) | 90.6 (81.7, 95.4) † | 74.7 (64.4, 82.8) †,‡ | 71.5 (62.0, 79.4) | 91.5 (82.7, 96.0) † | 86.9 (80.4, 91.5) † |
Water | 10.6 (6.0, 18.1) | 9.5 (5.4, 16.1) | 13.1 (8.8, 19) | 51.0 (43.6, 58.3) | 33.3 (22.0, 46.9) † | 50.5 (44.3, 56.7) ‡ |
Whole milk | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.6 (2.2, 9.5) | * | 7.2 (3.7, 13.3) |
Reduced or low or nonfat milk | 0 | 0 | 0 | * | * | 3.0 (1.5, 5.9) |
Flavored milk and/or milk substitute | 0 | 0 | 0 | * | * | * |
100% juice | * | * | * | 8.6 (5.2, 13.9) | 14.1 (8.0, 23.7) | 18.2 (11.7, 27.1) † |
Sugar-sweetened beverages | 0 | 2.8 (1.4, 5.6) | 5.3 (2.7, 10.0) | 5.5 (3.0, 9.8) | 8.7 (4.7, 15.5) | 8.8 (5.9, 13.0) |
Food categories | ||||||
Fruit | 6.1 (3.3, 11.0) | 8.2 (4.6, 14.2) | 10.7 (6.2, 17.9) | 75.4 (66.2, 82.7) | 49.4 (37.5, 61.4) † | 64.0 (55.9, 71.3) †,‡ |
Vegetables, excluding white potatoes | 7.3 (5.0, 10.6) | 8.1 (3.9, 16.3) | 9.1 (4.9, 16.3) | 64.6 (57.1, 71.3) | 52.4 (38.6, 65.7) | 44.4 (35.5, 53.6) † |
Protein | * | * | * | 49.6 (40.3, 58.9) | 45.9 (35.3, 57.0) | 45.5 (38.5, 52.7) |
Grains | 20.8 (15.0, 28.3) | 34.2 (26.0, 43.4) † | 16.7 (12.0, 22.7) ‡ | 78.3 (69.4, 85.1) | 87.5 (80.8, 92.1) † | 73.5 (67.0, 79.2) ‡ |
Mixed dishes | 0 | 0 | * | 20.2 (14.6, 27.2) | 17.2 (11.4, 25.0) | 41.4 (33.7, 49.4) †,‡ |
Snacks | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10.4 (6.4, 16.4) | 14.3 (8.1, 23.9) | 15.6 (10.5, 22.4) |
Sweets | * | 0 | * | 9.2 (5.3, 15.7) | 15.7 (9.7, 24.4) | 20.3 (14.4, 28.0) † |
12 to 18 Month Olds | 19 to 23 Month Olds | |||||
Non-Hispanic White (n = 129) | Non-Hispanic Black (n = 87) | Hispanic (n = 182) | Non-Hispanic White (n = 78) | Non-Hispanic Black (n = 57) | Hispanic (n = 112) | |
% (95% Confidence Interval) | % (95% Confidence Interval) | |||||
Beverages or other liquids | ||||||
Breast milk | 8.3 (4.0, 16.6) | * | 6.9 (3.7, 12.4) | * | * | * |
Formula | 7.8 (3.9, 15.0) | 8.2 (4.2, 15.4) | 11.7 (6.6, 20.0) | * | * | * |
Water | 69.6 (58.6, 78.8) | 60.7 (49.7, 70.7) | 73.2 (63.9, 80.8) ‡ | 76.1 (65.1, 84.4) | 75.4 (59.6, 86.4) | 77.9 (63.5, 87.7) |
Whole milk | 73.9 (64.4, 81.6) | 52.9 (39.7, 65.8) † | 71.1 (61.6, 79.0) ‡ | 60.2 (43.1, 75.0) | 44.0 (28.5, 60.9) | 52.1 (41.0, 62.9) |
Reduced or low or nonfat milk | 16.5 (10.5, 25.0) | 23.9 (15.8, 34.3) | 16.0 (10.2, 24.1) ‡ | 25.2 (13.4, 42.3) | 28.3 (17.6, 42.1) | 39.2 (29.2, 50.2) †,‡ |
Flavored milk and/or milk substitute | 12.9 (8.0, 20.0) | * | * | 20.1 (9.2, 38.5) | * | * |
100% juice | 42.1 (31.1, 53.9) | 63.9 (49.4, 76.3) † | 54.5 (46.4, 62.5) †,‡ | 46.0 (34.8, 57.7) | 66.9 (48.2, 81.5) † | 53.6 (43.1, 63.8) ‡ |
Sugar-sweetened beverages | 26.8 (18.7, 36.9) | 40.1 (30.9, 50.1) † | 38.9 (31.2, 47.1) † | 26.6 (15.4, 42.0) | 45.1 (32.0, 58.8) † | 51.8 (36.5, 66.7) † |
Food categories | ||||||
Fruit | 86.8 (76.4, 93.1) | 68.2 (53.2, 80.2) † | 68.3 (59.0, 76.3) † | 72.4 (59.6, 82.4) | 62.5 (46.4, 76.3) | 65.8 (57.0, 73.6) |
Vegetables, excluding white potatoes | 57.1 (47.2, 66.5) | 41.2 (30.9, 52.3) † | 36.8 (28.6, 45.8) † | 53.0 (38.4, 67.1) | 39.4 (23.1, 58.4) | 37.2 (24.6, 51.8) † |
Protein | 90.9 (82.8, 95.4) | 83.1 (73.7, 89.6) | 86.2 (79.8, 90.7) | 92.8 (82.3, 97.3) | 90.1 (82.4, 94.7) | 84.6 (77.2, 89.9) † |
Grains | 86.8 (77.1, 92.8) | 89.7 (78.3, 95.4) | 77.8 (70.8, 83.4) †,‡ | 91.2 (83.0, 95.6) | 89.2 (73.5, 96.1) | 78.1 (65.6, 87.0) †,‡ |
Mixed dishes | 61.0 (50.7, 70.3) | 74.0 (63.5, 82.3) † | 68.4 (60.9, 75.0) † | 63.7 (49.1, 76.1) | 76.0 (59.4, 87.3) | 77.1 (65.6, 85.6) † |
Snacks | 67.4 (57.4, 76.1) | 60.1 (47.8, 71.3) | 45.6 (36.3, 55.3) †,‡ | 61.7 (43.8, 76.8) | 70.4 (53.7, 83.0) | 47.0 (36.5, 57.8) †,‡ |
Sweets | 58.8 (47.3, 69.5) | 62.8 (51.5, 73.0) | 58.3 (48.4, 67.6) | 60.3 (45.3, 73.5) | 62.1 (49.6, 73.2) | 64.1 (53.6, 73.4) |
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Hamner, H.C.; Perrine, C.G.; Gupta, P.M.; Herrick, K.A.; Cogswell, M.E. Food Consumption Patterns among U.S. Children from Birth to 23 Months of Age, 2009–2014. Nutrients 2017, 9, 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090942
Hamner HC, Perrine CG, Gupta PM, Herrick KA, Cogswell ME. Food Consumption Patterns among U.S. Children from Birth to 23 Months of Age, 2009–2014. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):942. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090942
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamner, Heather C., Cria G. Perrine, Priya M. Gupta, Kirsten A. Herrick, and Mary E. Cogswell. 2017. "Food Consumption Patterns among U.S. Children from Birth to 23 Months of Age, 2009–2014" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090942