Combination of Hypertension Along with a High Fat and Cholesterol Diet Induces Severe Hepatic Inflammation in Rats via a Signaling Network Comprising NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 Pathways
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Experimental Protocol
2.2. Biochemical Analyses
2.3. Histopathology
2.4. Western Blotting
2.5. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
2.6. SOD Activity Assay
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body and Liver Weights
3.2. Serum and Hepatic Levels of Lipids and Liver Function Indices
3.3. Histopathological Changes in the Liver
3.4. TNF-α/ NF-κB Pathway
3.5. TGF-β1/MAPK Pathway
3.6. Nrf2/Keap1 Pathway
3.7. CYP7A1
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rat strains | WKY | SHR | SHRSP5/Dmcr | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | HFC | Control | HFC | Control | HFC | |
Body weight (g) | 365 ± 22.6 | 331 ± 7.8 a | 339 ± 14.5 | 301 ± 10.8 a | 283 ± 16.4 | 260 ± 9.1 a |
Liver weight (g) | 9.1 ± 0.6 | 23.2 ± 1.4 a (2.5) | 9.8 ± 0.4 | 28.5 ± 2.5 a (2.9) b | 8.0 ± 0.4 | 27.4 ± 1.8 a (3.4) b,d |
Liver/body weight(%) | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 7.0 ± 0.3 a (2.8) | 2.9 ± 0.0 c | 9.5 ± 0.8 a (3.3) b | 2.8 ± 0.1 c | 10.6 ± 0.8 a (3.7) b,d |
Serum | ||||||
TG (mg/dL) | 12.3 ± 1.9 | 12.2 ± 2.6(1.0) | 17.7 ± 3.3 c | 17.0 ± 2.8(1.0) | 25.5 ± 4.1 c | 17.7 ± 4.6 a (0.7) b,d |
TC (mg/dL) | 103 ± 7.8 | 140.3 ± 17.4 a (1.4) | 61.3 ± 5.4 c | 134 ± 19.6 a (2.2) | 53.5 ± 2.6 c | 149.2 ± 50.1 a (2.8) b |
AST (IU/L) | 168.7 ± 47.6 | 424 ± 94.5 a (2.5) | 245.7 ± 49.1 c | 479.2 ± 93.9 a (2.0) | 177.8 ± 30.6 e | 633.8 ± 81.8 a (3.7) b,d |
ALT (IU/L) | 33.8 ± 1.7 | 134.2 ± 50.0 a (4.0) | 51.7 ± 6.3 c | 205.7 ± 47.5 a (4.0) | 61 ± 11.0 c | 318.5 ± 55.0 a (5.2) |
GGT (IU/L) | 1.5 | 1.8 ± 0.6(1.2) | 1.5 | 3.6 ± 1.6 a (2.4) | 1.5 | 4.8 ± 1.0 a (3.2) |
Liver | ||||||
TG (mg/dL) | 23.9 ± 3.1 | 64.6 ± 9.4 a (2.7) | 29.6 ± 7.1 | 63.6 ± 8.0 a (2.1) | 26.8 ± 7.3 | 68.6 ± 15.8 a (2.6) |
TC (mg/dL) | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 176.2 ± 9.1 a (51.8) | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 167 ± 10.7 a (42.8) b | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 150.9 ± 15.4 a (43.1) b |
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Yuan, Y.; Naito, H.; Jia, X.; Kitamori, K.; Nakajima, T. Combination of Hypertension Along with a High Fat and Cholesterol Diet Induces Severe Hepatic Inflammation in Rats via a Signaling Network Comprising NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 Pathways. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091018
Yuan Y, Naito H, Jia X, Kitamori K, Nakajima T. Combination of Hypertension Along with a High Fat and Cholesterol Diet Induces Severe Hepatic Inflammation in Rats via a Signaling Network Comprising NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 Pathways. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091018
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Yuan, Hisao Naito, Xiaofang Jia, Kazuya Kitamori, and Tamie Nakajima. 2017. "Combination of Hypertension Along with a High Fat and Cholesterol Diet Induces Severe Hepatic Inflammation in Rats via a Signaling Network Comprising NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 Pathways" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091018