Longitudinal Associations of High-Fructose Diet with Cardiovascular Events and Potential Risk Factors: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Ethical Consideration
2.3. Demographic, Anthropometric and Lifestyle Measures
2.4. Biochemical Measures
2.5. Assessment of Fructose Intakes
2.6. Definition of Terms
2.7. Definition of Outcome
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baseline Variables | Total Dietary Fructose (% of Energy) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Tertile 1 (<4.5) | Tertile 2 (4.5–7.4) | Tertile 3 (≥7.4) | |
Age (year) | 38.3 ± 14.8 | 37.9 ± 12.4 | 38.1 ± 12.6 |
Male (%) | 29.6 | 44.6 | 55.9 * |
Current smokers (%) | 6.8 | 10.8 | 9.5 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 4.7 | 26.7 ± 4.9 | 27.0 ± 4.8 * |
Waist circumference (cm) | 86.2 ± 13.4 | 88.4 ± 12.9 | 90.2 ± 13.2 * |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 108 ± 16.1 | 109 ± 15.3 | 111 ± 14.6 * |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 71.4 ± 10.4 | 72.8 ± 10.3 | 73.8 ± 10.4 * |
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 88.5 ± 16.8 | 89.0 ± 18.5 | 89.1 ± 17.1 |
Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) | 129 ± 78.3 | 135 ± 79.0 | 136 ± 79.7 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 45.1 ± 10.8 | 42.2 ± 9.8 | 42.3 ± 10.0 * |
Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 89.6 ± 13.4 | 92.5 ± 14.8 | 94.2 ± 14.6 * |
Diabetes (%) | 5.1 | 3.6 | 3.4 |
Hypertension (%) | 8.3 | 8.9 | 10.3 |
CVD risk score | 19.9 ± 0.8 | 19.8 ± 0.7 | 19.8 ± 0.7 |
Total carbohydrate (% of energy) | 55.6 ± 7.6 | 56.6 ± 6.7 | 59.4 ± 6.5 * |
Total fiber (g/1000 kcal/day) | 15.0 ± 6.9 | 15.9 ± 6.4 | 17.8 ± 6.6 * |
Total fructose (% of energy) | 3.0 ± 1.4 | 6.3 ± 1.9 | 9.7 ± 3.4 * |
Natural fructose | 0.9 ± 1.3 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 1.5 * |
Added fructose | 2.0 ± 0.81 | 3.4 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 2.1 * |
Per SD | T2 | T3 | p for Trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total fructose | 22/790 † | 37/790 | ||
Crude | 1.48 (1.25–1.75) | 1.08 (0.59–1.98) | 1.83 (1.07–3.16) | 0.041 |
Adjusted model ‡ | 1.35 (1.15–1.58) | 1.15 (0.62–2.12) | 1.81 (1.04–3.15) | 0.068 |
Added fructose | 22/790 | 37/790 | ||
Crude | 1.60 (1.42–1.80) | 1.08 (0.59–1.98) | 1.83 (1.07–3.16) | 0.041 |
Adjusted model ‡ | 1.49 (1.31–1.69) | 1.09 (0.59–2.00) | 1.80 (1.04–3.12) | 0.058 |
Natural fructose | 24/790 | 31/790 | ||
Crude | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | 0.89 (0.55–1.72) | 1.27 (0.75–2.18) | 0.53 |
Adjusted model ‡ | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) | 1.00 (0.56–1.78) | 1.19 (0.69–2.05) | 0.75 |
Cardiovascular Risk | Dietary Total Fructose | Added Fructose |
---|---|---|
Serum insulin | 0.117 (0.023, 0.211) | 0.230 (0.058, 0.402) |
HOMA-IR | 0.024 (0.001, 0.048) | 0.047 (0.003, 0.092) |
Serum creatinine | 0.359 (0.211, 0.507) | 0.999 (0.736, 1.26) |
Triglycerides | 0.310 (−0.521, 1.145) | 1.060 (−0.437, 2.55) |
HDL-C | −0.297 (−0.410, −0.184) | −0.606 (−0.808, −0.404) |
Systolic blood pressure | 0.217 (0.063, 0.371) | 0.640 (0.366, 0.915) |
Diastolic blood pressure | 0.267 (0.157, 0.376) | 0.546 (0.350, 0.741) |
Waist circumference | 0.387 (0.252, 0.522) | 0.857 (0.617, 1.09) |
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Bahadoran, Z.; Mirmiran, P.; Tohidi, M.; Azizi, F. Longitudinal Associations of High-Fructose Diet with Cardiovascular Events and Potential Risk Factors: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Nutrients 2017, 9, 872. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080872
Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Tohidi M, Azizi F. Longitudinal Associations of High-Fructose Diet with Cardiovascular Events and Potential Risk Factors: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Nutrients. 2017; 9(8):872. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080872
Chicago/Turabian StyleBahadoran, Zahra, Parvin Mirmiran, Maryam Tohidi, and Fereidoun Azizi. 2017. "Longitudinal Associations of High-Fructose Diet with Cardiovascular Events and Potential Risk Factors: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study" Nutrients 9, no. 8: 872. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080872