The Association between Vitamin D Insufficiency and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Population-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Serum 25(OH)D Measurement
2.3. Definition of NAFLD and Significant Fibrosis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Factors Associated with NAFLD
3.3. Subgroup Analyses
3.3.1. Participants without Obesity
3.3.2. Participants of Male Gender
3.3.3. Participants without Metabolic Syndrome
3.4. Association of Vitamin D Insufficiency with Significant Fibrosis in Participants with NAFLD
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | NAFLD † (n = 409) | Non-NAFLD (n = 1403) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 44.8 ± 14.4 | 43.3 ± 15.2 | 0.08 |
Male gender, n (%) | 232 (56.7) | 625 (44.5) | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 28.1 ± 3.0 | 22.5 ± 2.5 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 91.4 ± 8.5 | 77.4 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
Diabetes, n (%) ‡ | 90 (22.7) | 55 (4.0) | <0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) § | 159 (39.4) | 247 (17.7) | <0.001 |
Metabolic syndrome, n (%) || | 234 (57.2) | 231 (16.5) | <0.001 |
Season of blood draw, n (%) | - | - | - |
Spring | 106 (25.9) | 359 (25.6) | 0.06 |
Summer | 90 (22.0) | 393 (28.0) | |
Autumn | 109 (26.7) | 360 (25.7) | |
Winter | 104 (25.4) | 291 (20.7) | |
AST, IU/L | 25.7 ± 13.4 | 20.1 ± 6.5 | <0.001 |
ALT, IU/L | 37.1 ± 30.0 | 16.6 ± 7.8 | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 109.0 ± 31.4 | 94.5 ± 14.4 | <0.001 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 188.1 ± 134.3 | 120.1 ± 101.6 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 194.2 ± 36.2 | 184.7 ± 32.8 | <0.001 |
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 47.3 ± 10.4 | 54.3 ± 12.0 | <0.001 |
25(OH)D, ng/mL | 16.2 ± 6.2 | 16.2 ± 6.5 | 0.95 |
Vitamin D insufficiency, n (%) | 317 (77.5) | 1086 (77.4) | 1.00 |
Variable | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Age, per 1 year | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.08 | - | - |
Male gender | 1.63 (1.31–2.04) | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.55–1.17) | 0.24 |
BMI, per 1 kg/m2 | 2.48 (2.26–2.73) | <0.001 | 2.52 (2.27–2.80) | <0.001 |
WC, per 1 cm | 1.23 (1.20–1.26) | <0.001 | - | - |
Diabetes | 2.66 (2.23–3.19) | <0.001 | 7.90 (4.62–13.51) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 1.74 (1.54–1.96) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.52–1.12) | 0.17 |
Metabolic syndrome | 6.77 (5.32–8.61) | <0.001 | - | - |
TG, per 50 mg/dL | 1.27 (1.21–1.34) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.03–1.17) | 0.005 |
Total cholesterol, per 50 mg/dL | 1.51 (1.28–1.77) | <0.001 | 1.12 (0.84–1.49) | 0.43 |
HDL-cholesterol, per 10 mg/dL | 0.56 (0.51–0.63) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) | 0.19 |
Vitamin D insufficiency † | 0.97 (0.74–1.26) | 0.80 | - | - |
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Ha, Y.; Hwang, S.G.; Rim, K.S. The Association between Vitamin D Insufficiency and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Population-Based Study. Nutrients 2017, 9, 806. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080806
Ha Y, Hwang SG, Rim KS. The Association between Vitamin D Insufficiency and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Population-Based Study. Nutrients. 2017; 9(8):806. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080806
Chicago/Turabian StyleHa, Yeonjung, Seong Gyu Hwang, and Kyu Sung Rim. 2017. "The Association between Vitamin D Insufficiency and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Population-Based Study" Nutrients 9, no. 8: 806. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080806