Relationship between Selected Serum Metallic Elements and Obesity in Children and Adolescent in the U.S.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurement of Serum Metals and Serum Metabolites
2.3. Evaluation of Fatness: BMI
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
WHO | World Health Organization |
NHANES | National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys |
BMI | body mass index |
LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
LDL-C | low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
HOMA-IR | insulin resistance index |
TMAH | tetramethylammonium hydroxide |
APDC | ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate |
ATP | Adult Treatment Panel |
ICP-MS | inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometery |
PIR | poverty:income ratio |
IRTK | insulin receptor tyrosine kinase |
ZAG | zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein |
NEFAs | non-esterified fatty acids |
SOD | superoxide dismutase |
TC | total cholesterol |
HDL-C | high-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
MS | metabolic syndrome |
TG | triglyceride |
Zn | zinc |
Cu | copper |
Mn | manganese |
Pb | lead |
Hg | mercury |
Se | selenium |
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Characteristic | 6–12 Years Old | 13–19 Years Old | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | |
n | 1580 | 1474 | 1165 | 1185 |
Age | 8.8 (0.1) | 8.9 (0.1) | 15.9 (0.1) | 15.9 (0.1) |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | 18.9 (0.1) | 19.4 (0.1) | 24.3 (0.2) | 24.6 (0.2) |
Waist Circumference | 65.8 (0.3) | 67.2 (0.4) | 83.2 (0.5) | 82.4 (0.4) |
Serum metabolites | ||||
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.78 (0.06) | 0.93 (0.07) | 0.92 (0.03) | 0.87 (0.02) |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.25 (0.07) | 2.24 (0.08) | 2.18 (0.03) | 2.34 (0.03) |
Fasting Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.37 (0.09) | 5.15 (0.05) | 5.32 (0.03) | 5.09 (0.03) |
Total Cholesterol( mmol/L) | 4.11 (0.02) | 4.14 (0.02) | 3.94 (0.02) | 4.17 (0.02) |
Insulin (pmol/L) | 81.4 (6.3) | 108.6 (9.5) | 84.6 (3.7) | 90.0 (3.1) |
HOMA-IR | 2.80 (0.2) | 2.93 (0.1) | 3.60 (0.4) | 2.95 (0.1) |
Race | ||||
Mexican American | 307 (19.4) | 315 (21.4) | 238 (20.4) | 247 (20.8) |
Other Hispanic | 184 (11.6) | 151 (10.2) | 110 (9.4) | 133 (11.2) |
Non-Hispanic White | 418 (26.5) | 348 (23.6) | 286 (24.5) | 269 (22.7) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 432 (27.3) | 417 (28.3) | 321 (27.6) | 320 (27.0) |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 148 (9.4) | 140 (9.5) | 149 (12.8) | 158 (13.3) |
Other Race (including Multi-Racial) | 91 (5.8) | 103 (7.0) | 61 (5.2) | 58 (4.9) |
Ratio of family income to poverty | ||||
<1 | 534 (36.4) | 515 (37.3) | 364 (34.4) | 399 (37.0) |
≥1 | 935 (63.6) | 866 (62.7) | 694 (65.6) | 678 (63.0) |
TV, computer, and video games use | ||||
≤2 | 654 (42.0) | 768 (52.6) | 356 (31.6) | 401 (35.2) |
>2 | 903 (58.0) | 692 (47.4) | 772 (68.4) | 738 (64.8) |
Caloric intake | ||||
Normal intake | 384 (32.8) | 460 (40.4) | 606 (66.2) | 628 (67.8) |
Excessive intake | 788 (67.2) | 680 (59.6) | 310 (33.8) | 298 (32.2) |
Obese status | ||||
Overweight | 513 (34.1) | 560 (39.7) | 488 (43.1) | 446 (40.0) |
Obesity | 230 (15.3) | 257 (18.2) | 202 (17.8) | 220 (19.7) |
Chemicals | Overweight | Obesity | Triglyceride | Cholesterol | LDL-cholesterol | HOMA-IR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lead | Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Q2 | 0.99 (0.82, 1.20) | 0.89 (0.71, 1.13) | 0.73 (0.34, 1.55) | 0.97 (0.67, 1.39) | 0.87 (0.36, 2.12) | 0.34 (0.17, 0.71) | |
Q3 | 0.77 (0.63, 0.94) | 0.68 (0.53, 0.88) | 0.47 (0.19, 1.17) | 1.07 (0.74, 1.55) | 0.91 (0.33, 2.46) | 0.71 (0.36, 1.39) | |
Q4 | 0.78 (0.64, 0.96) | 0.62 (0.47, 0.80) | 0.82 (0.34, 1.94) | 1.09 (0.73, 1.61) | 1.46 (0.55, 3.90) | 0.56 (0.26, 1.23) | |
p for trend | 0.018 | <0.001 | 0.209 | 0.703 | 0.434 | 0.300 | |
Mercury | Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Q2 | 1.17 (0.97, 1.42) | 1.20 (0.95, 1.53) | 0.81 (0.34, 1.97) | 0.99 (0.66, 1.50) | 0.80 (0.32, 2.02) | 0.59 (0.29, 1.19) | |
Q3 | 1.07 (0.89, 1.30) | 0.98 (0.77, 1.25) | 1.61 (0.72, 3.63) | 1.55 (1.07, 2.26) | 0.66 (0.25, 1.73) | 0.77 (0.39, 1.51) | |
Q4 | 0.95 (0.77, 1.16) | 1.09 (0.84, 1.41) | 1.02 (0.43, 2.44) | 1.73 (1.18, 2.52) | 0.74 (0.29, 1.90) | 0.47 (0.23, 0.98) | |
p for trend | 0.627 | 0.593 | 0.830 | 0.001 | 0.893 | 0.134 | |
Selenium | Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Q2 | 1.04 (0.86, 1.27) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.21) | 2.46 (0.82, 7.42) | 1.18 (0.80, 1.76) | 2.33 (0.45, 11.95) | 1.77 (0.77, 4.10) | |
Q3 | 1.11 (0.91, 1.34) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.31) | 1.25 (0.42, 3.69) | 1.44 (0.98, 2.11) | 4.34 (0.96, 19.63) | 1.38 (0.61, 3.10) | |
Q4 | 1.23 (1.00, 1.51) | 1.14 (0.88, 1.48) | 1.64 (0.57, 4.67) | 1.57 (1.06, 2.32) | 4.03 (0.90, 18.17) | 1.09 (0.49, 2.47) | |
p for trend | 0.009 | 0.132 | 0.873 | 0.014 | 0.026 | 0.563 | |
Manganese | Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Q2 | 1.19 (0.97, 1.45) | 1.40 (1.07, 1.83) | 0.75 (0.29, 1.93) | 0.71 (0.48, 1.06) | 0.38 (0.12, 1.23) | 1.15 (0.55, 2.39) | |
Q3 | 1.41 (1.15, 1.73) | 1.59 (1.21, 2.08) | 1.78 (0.77, 4.16) | 1.02 (0.70, 1.48) | 1.27 (0.51, 3.16) | 0.91 (0.43, 1.92) | |
Q4 | 1.69 (1.37, 2.10) | 2.29 (1.74, 3.02) | 1.59 (0.65, 3.86) | 1.10 (0.74, 1.63) | 1.35 (0.54, 3.36) | 0.98 (0.46, 2.09) | |
p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.383 | 0.325 | 0.359 | 0.879 | |
Copper | Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Q2 | 1.58 (1.11, 2.25) | 2.15 (1.23, 3.77) | 1.44 (0.43, 4.83) | 1.31 (0.59, 2.92) | 1.64 (0.32, 8.32) | 1.07 (0.33, 3.44) | |
Q3 | 3.14 (2.21, 4.47) | 5.76 (3.41, 9.75) | 1.75 (0.47, 6.51) | 2.91 (1.40, 6.05) | 2.88 (0.54, 15.50) | 1.69 (0.55, 5.22) | |
Q4 | 4.70 (3.24, 6.82) | 9.27 (5.43, 15.82) | 0.77 (0.15, 3.89) | 3.08 (1.43, 6.63) | 3.75 (0.61, 23.03) | 2.43 (0.70, 8.43) | |
p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.684 | <0.001 | 0.023 | 0.084 | |
Zinc | Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Q2 | 0.83 (0.61, 1.13) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.35) | 3.32 (0.30, 36.80) | 1.13 (0.60, 2.10) | 3.03 (0.32, 29.01) | 1.15 (0.29, 4.56) | |
Q3 | 0.58 (0.42, 0.79) | 0.62 (0.41, 0.92) | 4.98 (0.48, 51.47) | 1.17 (0.62, 2.22) | 1.50 (0.15, 14.86) | 0.78 (0.18, 3.29) | |
Q4 | 0.65 (0.47, 0.89) | 0.73 (0.49, 1.09) | 5.44 (0.56, 53.09) | 1.25 (0.67, 2.36) | 1.41 (0.15, 13.54) | 0.99 (0.25, 3.92) | |
p for trend | 0.001 | 0.014 | 0.144 | 0.106 | 0.760 | 0.923 |
BMI | Triglyceride | LDL-Cholesterol | Total Cholesterol | Insulin | HOMA-IR | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6–12 | Male | Lead | −0.023 (−0.043, −0.002) | −0.092 (−0.388, 0.205) | 0.128 (0.013, 0.244) | 0.009 (−0.009, 0.028) | 0.092 (−0.139, 0.322) | 0.120 (−0.132, 0.372) |
Mercury, total | 0.010 (−0.006, 0.027) | −0.119 (−0.362, 0.125) | −0.021 (−0.118, 0.075) | 0.014 (−0.001, 0.029) | 0.130 (−0.058, 0.319) | 0.122 (−0.086, 0.33) | ||
Selenium | −0.077 (−0.187, 0.033) | 0.258 (−1.159, 1.675) | 0.194 (−0.382, 0.771) | 0.152 (0.056, 0.249) | 0.316 (−0.784, 1.416) | 0.207 (−1.021, 1.436) | ||
Manganese | 0.084 (0.046, 0.121) | 0.325 (−0.228, 0.877) | 0.122 (−0.104, 0.348) | −0.006 (−0.040, 0.028) | 0.120 (−0.315, 0.555) | 0.204 (−0.278, 0.686) | ||
Copper | 0.318 (0.204, 0.433) | −1.120 (−2.560, 0.320) | 0.196 (−0.227, 0.620) | 0.131 (0.021, 0.241) | 0.077 (−1.125, 1.279) | −0.088 (−1.446, 1.269) | ||
Zinc | −0.051 (−0.166, 0.064) | −0.162 (−1.419, 1.094) | 0.205 (−0.141, 0.551) | 0.159 (0.057, 0.261) | −0.869 (−1.785, 0.047) | −1.082 (−2.097, −0.066) | ||
Female | Lead | −0.003 (−0.030, 0.024) | −0.045 (−0.345, 0.255) | 0.085 (−0.180, 0.350) | 0.018 (−0.004, 0.041) | 0.142 (−0.147, 0.431) | 0.147 (−0.148, 0.441) | |
Mercury, total | −0.005 (−0.024, 0.013) | 0.158 (−0.047, 0.363) | −0.063 (−0.198, 0.072) | 0.017 (0.002, 0.032) | −0.009 (−0.211, 0.192) | −0.039 (−0.244, 0.167) | ||
Selenium | 0.054 (−0.070, 0.178) | 0.763 (−0.459, 1.985) | −0.198 (−1.283, 0.887) | 0.135 (0.034, 0.236) | 0.190 (−1.004, 1.383) | 0.200 (−1.017, 1.416) | ||
Manganese | 0.080 (0.039, 0.122) | 0.270 (−0.083, 0.623) | −0.050 (−0.366, 0.266) | −0.004 (−0.038, 0.030) | −0.129 (−0.475, 0.217) | −0.120 (−0.473, 0.233) | ||
Copper | 0.381 (0.266, 0.495) | −1.159 (−2.278, −0.41) | −0.488 (−1.488, 0.512) | 0.065 (−0.036, 0.167) | 0.078 (−0.908, 1.064) | 0.122 (−0.884, 1.128) | ||
Zinc | −0.159 (−0.290, −0.027) | −0.105 (−1.809, 1.599) | 0.397 (−0.931, 1.725) | 0.138 (0.033, 0.243) | −0.264 (−1.533, 1.005) | −0.177 (−1.48, 1.126) | ||
13–19 | Male | Lead | −0.032 (−0.064, 0.0) | −0.010 (−0.117, 0.097) | 0.032 (−0.028, 0.093) | 0.004 (−0.023, 0.031) | −0.070 (−0.190, 0.050) | −0.068 (−0.196, 0.060) |
Mercury, total | −0.003 (−0.025, 0.020) | −0.015 (−0.090, 0.060) | 0.017 (−0.027, 0.060) | 0.022 (0.003, 0.041) | −0.008 (−0.094, 0.078) | −0.011 (−0.102, 0.08) | ||
Selenium | 0.171 (0.016, 0.326) | 0.292 (−0.203, 0.787) | 0.239 (−0.046, 0.525) | 0.101 (−0.031, 0.232) | 0.102 (−0.451, 0.655) | 0.082 (−0.507, 0.671) | ||
Manganese | 0.015 (−0.041, 0.072) | 0.170 (−0.020, 0.360) | 0.067 (−0.045, 0.179) | 0.050 (0.002, 0.098) | 0.140 (−0.073, 0.352) | 0.166 (−0.061, 0.393) | ||
Copper | 0.471 (0.343, 0.600) | 0.158 (−0.036, 0.352) | 0.166 (−0.113, 0.445) | 0.083 (−0.039, 0.205) | 0.523 (−0.051, 1.098) | 0.604 (0.000, 1.208) | ||
Zinc | −0.161 (−0.315, −0.007) | 0.572 (0.092, 1.052) | 0.436 (0.122, 0.750) | 0.150 (0.025, 0.276) | −0.062 (−0.725, 0.601) | 0.036 (−0.663, 0.735) | ||
Female | Lead | −0.077 (−0.122, −0.031) | 0.046 (−0.104, 0.196) | 0.004 (−0.089, 0.097) | 0.020 (−0.016, 0.056) | −0.039 (−0.195, 0.117) | −0.032 (−0.192, 0.128) | |
Mercury, total | −0.022 (−0.046, 0.002) | 0.052 (−0.018, 0.121) | 0.020 (−0.021, 0.061) | 0.027 (0.008, 0.045) | 0.037 (−0.036, 0.109) | 0.042 (−0.033, 0.116) | ||
Selenium | 0.026 (−0.130, 0.183) | 0.447 (0.018, 0.877) | 0.331 (0.069, 0.593) | 0.191 (0.072, 0.310) | 0.109 (−0.348, 0.567) | 0.079 (−0.391, 0.549) | ||
Manganese | −0.020 (−0.075, 0.034) | 0.136 (−0.021, 0.293) | 0.037 (−0.060, 0.134) | 0.039 (−0.003, 0.080) | 0.059 (−0.109, 0.226) | 0.076 (−0.096, 0.248) | ||
Copper | 0.326 (0.209, 0.442) | 0.296 (−0.161, 0.752) | 0.175 (−0.093, 0.443) | 0.120 (0.026, 0.214) | 0.249 (−0.193, 0.691) | 0.263 (−0.194, 0.721) | ||
Zinc | −0.184 (−0.343, −0.025) | 0.663 (0.115, 1.211) | 0.054 (−0.274, 0.382) | 0.110 (−0.009, 0.229) | 0.225 (−0.315, 0.764) | 0.210 (−0.349, 0.768) |
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Fan, Y.; Zhang, C.; Bu, J. Relationship between Selected Serum Metallic Elements and Obesity in Children and Adolescent in the U.S. Nutrients 2017, 9, 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020104
Fan Y, Zhang C, Bu J. Relationship between Selected Serum Metallic Elements and Obesity in Children and Adolescent in the U.S. Nutrients. 2017; 9(2):104. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020104
Chicago/Turabian StyleFan, Yun, Chunlan Zhang, and Jin Bu. 2017. "Relationship between Selected Serum Metallic Elements and Obesity in Children and Adolescent in the U.S." Nutrients 9, no. 2: 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020104
APA StyleFan, Y., Zhang, C., & Bu, J. (2017). Relationship between Selected Serum Metallic Elements and Obesity in Children and Adolescent in the U.S. Nutrients, 9(2), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020104