Risks and Benefits of Increased Nut Consumption: Cardiovascular Health Benefits Outweigh the Burden of Carcinogenic Effects Attributed to Aflatoxin B1 Exposure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting
2.2. Change in Nutrient Intake
2.3. Estimating Benefit: Nut Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease
- fatal and non-fatal MI; HR 0.74 (95% CI 0.46–1.19),
- fatal and non-fatal stroke;HR 0.54 (95% CI 0.35–0.84), and
- CVD mortality, comprising CVD death other than MI and stroke (not affected by the nut intervention; HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.61–1.66).
- the number of incident composite CVD, MI, and stroke events that could potentially be prevented ((1-HR) times the number of events in the population) and
- the corresponding reduction in disease burden, expressed as DALYs due to fatal and non-fatal MI and stroke.
2.4. Estimating Risk: Aflatoxin Exposure and Liver Cancer
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Women (1005) | Men (792) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Current Intake | Change, % | Current Intake | Change, % | |
Energy, kJ | 7421 | 0 | 9359 | 0 |
SFA, g | 27 | −5 | 33 | −4 |
MUFA, g | 26 | 21 | 33 | 17 |
PUFA, g | 12 | 52 | 14 | 43 |
Vitamin E, mg | 10 | 26 | 11 | 25 |
Folate, µg | 253 | −3 | 266 | −1 |
Calcium, mg | 820 | −5 | 944 | −4 |
Magnesium, mg | 305 | 17 | 364 | 15 |
Selenium, µg | 42 | −9 | 50 | −7 |
Zinc, mg | 10 | −2 | 12 | −2 |
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Current Average Intake (5 g/Day) | At 30 g Nuts/Day 2 | Gain | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | No of Cases 1 | YLL | YLD 3 | DALYs | YLL | YLD 3 | DALYs | Prevented Cases | YLL | YLD 3 | DALYs | |
Women | ||||||||||||
55–59 | 137 | 394 | 2672 | 136 | 2807 | 1977 | 100 | 2077 | 102 | 695 | 35 | 730 |
60–64 | 189 | 549 | 3366 | 166 | 3533 | 2491 | 123 | 2614 | 143 | 875 | 43 | 918 |
65–69 | 293 | 886 | 5256 | 251 | 5507 | 3890 | 186 | 4075 | 230 | 1367 | 65 | 1432 |
70–74 | 504 | 1128 | 7416 | 347 | 7763 | 5488 | 257 | 5745 | 293 | 1928 | 90 | 2018 |
75–79 | 787 | 1350 | 7777 | 349 | 8126 | 5755 | 259 | 6013 | 351 | 2022 | 91 | 2113 |
All ages | 338 | 4307 | 26,487 | 1249 | 27,737 | 19,601 | 924 | 20,525 | 1120 | 6887 | 325 | 7211 |
Men | ||||||||||||
55–59 | 426 | 1232 | 7026 | 410 | 7436 | 5199 | 304 | 5503 | 320 | 1827 | 107 | 1933 |
60–64 | 618 | 1778 | 10,334 | 515 | 10,848 | 7647 | 381 | 8028 | 462 | 2687 | 134 | 2821 |
65–69 | 803 | 2388 | 14,688 | 659 | 15,346 | 10,869 | 487 | 11,356 | 621 | 3819 | 171 | 3990 |
70–74 | 1,126 | 2387 | 13,360 | 631 | 13,991 | 9887 | 467 | 10,353 | 621 | 3474 | 164 | 3638 |
75–79 | 1,510 | 2195 | 10,338 | 541 | 10,879 | 7650 | 400 | 8050 | 571 | 2688 | 141 | 2828 |
All ages | 810 | 9980 | 55,746 | 2755 | 58,501 | 41,252 | 2039 | 43,291 | 2595 | 14,494 | 716 | 15,210 |
Total | 683 | 14,287 | 82,233 | 4004 | 86,238 | 60,853 | 2963 | 63,816 | 3715 | 21,381 | 1041 | 22,421 |
Current Average Intake (5 g/Day) | At 30 g Nuts/Day 2 | Gain | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | No of Cases 1 | YLL | YLD 3 | DALYs | YLL | YLD 3 | DALYs | Prevented Cases | YLL | YLD 3 | DALYs | |
Women | ||||||||||||
55–59 | 121 | 346 | 5834 | 886 | 6719 | 3150 | 478 | 3629 | 159 | 2684 | 407 | 3091 |
60–64 | 194 | 561 | 7288 | 1326 | 8614 | 3935 | 716 | 4652 | 258 | 3352 | 610 | 3962 |
65–69 | 320 | 968 | 9025 | 2227 | 11,252 | 4874 | 1203 | 6076 | 445 | 4152 | 1024 | 5176 |
70–74 | 542 | 1211 | 9531 | 2162 | 11,693 | 5147 | 1168 | 6314 | 557 | 4384 | 995 | 5379 |
75–79 | 906 | 1554 | 9453 | 1990 | 11,444 | 5105 | 1075 | 6180 | 715 | 4348 | 916 | 5264 |
All ages | 364 | 4640 | 41,131 | 8591 | 49,722 | 22,211 | 4639 | 26,850 | 2134 | 18,920 | 3952 | 22,872 |
Men | ||||||||||||
55–59 | 225 | 651 | 11,008 | 1228 | 12,236 | 5944 | 663 | 6607 | 299 | 5064 | 565 | 5629 |
60–64 | 378 | 1089 | 13,519 | 2053 | 15,572 | 7300 | 1108 | 8409 | 501 | 6219 | 944 | 7163 |
65–69 | 545 | 1619 | 12,590 | 3393 | 15,983 | 6799 | 1832 | 8631 | 745 | 5791 | 1561 | 7352 |
70–74 | 864 | 1832 | 11,763 | 2972 | 14,736 | 6352 | 1605 | 7957 | 843 | 5411 | 1367 | 6778 |
75–79 | 1291 | 1887 | 9140 | 2202 | 11,342 | 4935 | 1189 | 6125 | 868 | 4204 | 1013 | 5217 |
All ages | 1291 | 7078 | 58,020 | 11,849 | 69,869 | 31,331 | 6398 | 37,729 | 3256 | 26,689 | 5450 | 32,140 |
Total | 467 | 11,718 | 99,151 | 20,440 | 119,591 | 53,542 | 11,037 | 64,579 | 5390 | 45,609 | 9402 | 55,012 |
All Nuts 1 | All Nuts Excluding Brazil Nuts and Pistachios 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nut consumption (g/day) | 5 | 30 | 5 | 30 |
Women, 69 kg | ||||
Aflatoxin B1 exposure, ng/kg bw day | 0.5 | 2.8 | 0.08 | 0.5 |
MOE, animal data 3 | 370 | 60 | 2100 | 350 |
MOE, human data 4 | 1900 | 310 | 10,700 | 1800 |
Men, 84 kg | ||||
Aflatoxin B1 exposure, ng/kg bw day | 0.4 | 2.3 | 0.07 | 0.4 |
MOE, animal data 3 | 445 | 75 | 2400 | 402 |
MOE, human data 4 | 2300 | 380 | 12,300 | 2200 |
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Eneroth, H.; Wallin, S.; Leander, K.; Nilsson Sommar, J.; Åkesson, A. Risks and Benefits of Increased Nut Consumption: Cardiovascular Health Benefits Outweigh the Burden of Carcinogenic Effects Attributed to Aflatoxin B1 Exposure. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1355. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121355
Eneroth H, Wallin S, Leander K, Nilsson Sommar J, Åkesson A. Risks and Benefits of Increased Nut Consumption: Cardiovascular Health Benefits Outweigh the Burden of Carcinogenic Effects Attributed to Aflatoxin B1 Exposure. Nutrients. 2017; 9(12):1355. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121355
Chicago/Turabian StyleEneroth, Hanna, Stina Wallin, Karin Leander, Johan Nilsson Sommar, and Agneta Åkesson. 2017. "Risks and Benefits of Increased Nut Consumption: Cardiovascular Health Benefits Outweigh the Burden of Carcinogenic Effects Attributed to Aflatoxin B1 Exposure" Nutrients 9, no. 12: 1355. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121355
APA StyleEneroth, H., Wallin, S., Leander, K., Nilsson Sommar, J., & Åkesson, A. (2017). Risks and Benefits of Increased Nut Consumption: Cardiovascular Health Benefits Outweigh the Burden of Carcinogenic Effects Attributed to Aflatoxin B1 Exposure. Nutrients, 9(12), 1355. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121355