Dietary Magnesium and Incident Frailty in Older People at Risk for Knee Osteoarthritis: An Eight-Year Longitudinal Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Subjects
2.2. Baseline Dietary Magnesium Intake (Exposure)
2.3. Incident Frailty (Outcome)
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sample Selection
3.2. Descriptive Characteristics
3.3. Dietary Magnesium Intake and Incident Frailty
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Greater Than/Equal to RDA (n = 233) | Less than RDA (n = 1624) | p-Value a | Greater Than/Equal to RDA (n = 586) | Less than RDA (n = 1978) | p-Value a | |
General characteristics | ||||||
Age (years) | 61.5 (9.0) | 60.9 (9.5) | 0.37 | 62.0 (8.8) | 61.4 (9.0) | 0.13 |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2313 (701) | 1488 (523) | <0.0001 | 1760 (553) | 1143 (376) | <0.0001 |
PASE (points) | 187 (96) | 174 (86) | 0.03 | 156 (80) | 149 (75) | 0.03 |
White race (n, %) | 193 (82.8) | 1388 (85.6) | 0.28 | 456 (77.9) | 1516 (76.6) | 0.54 |
Smoking (previous/current) (n, %) | 116 (50.2) | 805 (49.8) | 0.94 | 262 (44.9) | 894 (45.4) | 0.85 |
Graduate degree (n, %) | 87 (37.3) | 596 (36.8) | 0.89 | 146 (24.9) | 517 (26.2) | 0.59 |
Yearly income (>US$50,000) | 79 (33.9) | 478 (29.4) | 0.17 | 292 (50.2) | 953 (48.2) | 0.40 |
Medical conditions | ||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.2 (4.2) | 28.9 (4.1) | 0.08 | 28.5 (5.1) | 28.6 (5.3) | 0.67 |
CES-D (points) | 6.3 (6.7) | 5.9 (6.4) | 0.35 | 6.9 (6.9) | 7.0 (7.2) | 0.61 |
Charlson co-morbidity index (points) | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.22 | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.94 |
Frailty items | ||||||
Poor physical performance (n, %) | 25 (10.8) | 146 (9.0) | 0.40 | 68 (11.6) | 251 (12.7) | 0.52 |
Poor chair stand time (n, %) | 2 (0.9) | 10 (0.6) | 0.66 | 7 (1.2) | 13 (0.7) | 0.19 |
Weight loss (n, %) | 3 (1.3) | 11 (0.7) | 0.40 | 23 (3.9) | 62 (3.1) | 0.36 |
Incidence (95% CI) for 1000 Persons-Year | Basic Adjusted a HR (95% CI) | p Value | Fully Adjusted b HR (95% CI) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | |||||
Greater than the RDA | 10 (8–12) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
Greater than/equal to the RDA | 6 (3–12) | 0.70 (0.38–0.95) | 0.03 | 0.51 (0.26–0.93) | 0.03 |
Women | |||||
Less than the RDA | 14 (12–16) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
Greater than/equal to the RDA | 16 (12–20) | 1.13 (0.84–1.51) | 0.43 | 1.02 (0.71–1.46) | 0.92 |
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Veronese, N.; Stubbs, B.; Maggi, S.; Notarnicola, M.; Barbagallo, M.; Firth, J.; Dominguez, L.J.; Caruso, M.G. Dietary Magnesium and Incident Frailty in Older People at Risk for Knee Osteoarthritis: An Eight-Year Longitudinal Study. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111253
Veronese N, Stubbs B, Maggi S, Notarnicola M, Barbagallo M, Firth J, Dominguez LJ, Caruso MG. Dietary Magnesium and Incident Frailty in Older People at Risk for Knee Osteoarthritis: An Eight-Year Longitudinal Study. Nutrients. 2017; 9(11):1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111253
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeronese, Nicola, Brendon Stubbs, Stefania Maggi, Maria Notarnicola, Mario Barbagallo, Joseph Firth, Ligia J. Dominguez, and Maria Gabriella Caruso. 2017. "Dietary Magnesium and Incident Frailty in Older People at Risk for Knee Osteoarthritis: An Eight-Year Longitudinal Study" Nutrients 9, no. 11: 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111253