Regular-Fat Dairy and Human Health: A Synopsis of Symposia Presented in Europe and North America (2014–2015)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Summary of lecture presented by Dr. Mario Kratz at The American Society for Nutrition Annual Meeting held in conjunction with Experimental Biology, 2015 (USA) [1]. The following text represents the authors’ summary of Dr. Kratz’s lecture. Dr. Kratz was not involved with the writing or publication of the text.
2. Dairy Fat: A Complex Mixture of Bioactive Fatty Acids
Summary of lecture presented by Dr. J. Thomas Brenna at The American Society for Nutrition Annual Meeting held in conjunction with Experimental Biology, 2015 (USA) [10].
3. Saturated Fat, Dairy Fat and Plasma Lipid Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Evidence
Summary of lecture presented by Moises Torres-Gonzalez at The American Society for Nutrition Annual Meeting held in conjunction with Experimental Biology, 2015 (USA) [25].
3.1. Saturated Fat and Plasma Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease: Beyond LDL-Cholesterol Levels
3.2. Regular-Fat Dairy Foods: Effects on Plasma Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease
4. Obesity, Cardiometabolic Risk, and Dairy Foods
Summary of lecture presented by Dariush Mozaffarian at The American Society for Nutrition Annual Meeting held in conjunction with Experimental Biology, 2015 (USA) [63]. The following text represents the authors’ summary of Dr. Mozaffarian’s lecture. Dr. Mozaffarian was not involved with the writing or publication of the text.
5. Cheese and Metabolic Diseases
Summary of lecture presented by Arne Astrup at The Federation of European Nutrition Societies 12th European Nutrition Conference, 2015 (Germany) [82].
6. Dairy Fat in Infancy
Summary of lecture presented by Bernadette Delplanque at European Federation for the Science an Technology of Lipids 12th Euro Fed Lipids Congress (France) [98].
6.1. Infant Formula, Breast Milk and Dairy Fat
6.2. Improvement of Long Chain-PUFA Status and Brain DHA Content with Dietary Formulas Containing Dairy Fat in an Animal Model
7. Dairy Foods, Not Nutrients: Revisiting Nutrient-Focused Guidelines
Summary of lectures presented by Dr. Dariush Mozaffarian at The American Society for Nutrition Annual Meeting held in conjunction with Experimental Biology, 2015 (USA) and Dr. Benoît Lamarche at the Dairy Nutrition Annual Symposium, 2014 (Canada) [63,125]. The following text represents the authors’ summary of lectures presented by Dr. Mozaffarian and Dr. Lamarche. Neither Dr. Mozaffarian or Dr. Lamarche was not involved with the writing or publication of the text.
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kratz, M. Introduction. In Whole-Milk Dairy Foods in Nutrition and Health: An Evaluation of the Current State of the Science, Proceedings of the American Society for Nutrition Annual Meeting Held in Conjunction with Experimental Biology, Boston, MA, USA, 27 March 2015; Available online: http://scientificsessions.nutrition.org/2015/satellitesessions/dairy/ (accessed on 14 July 2016).
- Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Available online: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/pdfs/scientific-report-of-the-2015-dietary-guidelines-advisory-committee.pdf (accessed on 27 July 2016).
- Bad Fats. Available online: http://www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascular-health/cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors/diet/bad-fats/ (accessed on 27 July 2016).
- Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015–2020. Available online: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/ (accessed on 27 July 2016).
- O’Donnell, A.M.; Spatny, K.P.; Vicini, J.L.; Bauman, D.E. Survey of the fatty acid composition of retail milk differing in label claims based on production management practices. J. Dairy Sci. 2010, 93, 1918–1925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- German, J.B.; Gibson, R.A.; Krauss, R.M.; Nestel, P.; Lamarche, B.; van Staveren, W.A.; Steijns, J.M.; de Groot, L.C.; Lock, A.L.; Destaillats, F. A reappraisal of the impact of dairy foods and milk fat on cardiovascular disease risk. Eur. J. Nutr. 2009, 48, 191–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mensink, R.P.; Zock, P.L.; Kester, A.D.; Katan, M.B. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: A meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 77, 1146–1155. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- DeGoma, E.M.; Knowles, J.W.; Angeli, F.; Budoff, M.J.; Rader, D.J. The evolution and refinement of traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Cardiol. Rev. 2012, 20, 118–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kratz, M.; Baars, T.; Guyenet, S. The relationship between high-fat dairy consumption and obesity, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease. Eur. J. Nutr. 2013, 52, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brenna, J.T. Current dietary fat recommendations and the bioactive fatty acids of milkfat. In Proceedings of the American Society for Nutrition Annual Meeting Held in Conjunction with Experimental Biology, Boston, MA, USA, 27 March 2015; Available online: http://scientificsessions.nutrition.org/2015/satellitesessions/dairy/ (accessed on 14 July 2016).
- Ramsden, C.E.; Zamora, D.; Leelarthaepin, B.; Majchrzak-Hong, S.F.; Faurot, K.R.; Suchindran, C.M.; Ringel, A.; Davis, J.M.; Hibbeln, J.R. Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: Evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis. BMJ 2013, 346, e8707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jakobsen, M.U.; Overvad, K.; Dyerberg, J.; Heitmann, B.L. Intake of ruminant trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008, 37, 173–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stender, S.; Astrup, A.; Dyerberg, J. Ruminant and industrially produced trans fatty acids: Health aspects. Food Nutr. Res. 2008, 52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lock, A.L.; Horne, C.A.; Bauman, D.E.; Salter, A.M. Butter naturally enriched in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid alters tissue fatty acids and improves the plasma lipoprotein profile in cholesterol-fed hamsters. J. Nutr. 2005, 135, 1934–1939. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Ip, C.; Scimeca, J.A.; Thompson, H.J. Conjugated linoleic acid. A powerful anticarcinogen from animal fat sources. Cancer 1994, 74, 1050–1054. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Terpstra, A.H. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition and plasma lipids in humans: An overview of the literature. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 79, 352–361. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Tricon, S.; Yaqoob, P. Conjugated linoleic acid and human health: A critical evaluation of the evidence. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2006, 9, 105–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gebauer, S.K.; Destaillats, F.; Dionisi, F.; Krauss, R.M.; Baer, D.J. Vaccenic acid and trans fatty acid isomers from partially hydrogenated oil both adversely affect LDL cholesterol: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 102, 1339–1346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Motard-Belanger, A.; Charest, A.; Grenier, G.; Paquin, P.; Chouinard, Y.; Lemieux, S.; Couture, P.; Lamarche, B. Study of the effect of trans fatty acids from ruminants on blood lipids and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 593–599. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Lacroix, E.; Charest, A.; Cyr, A.; Baril-Gravel, L.; Lebeuf, Y.; Paquin, P.; Chouinard, P.Y.; Couture, P.; Lamarche, B. Randomized controlled study of the effect of a butter naturally enriched in trans fatty acids on blood lipids in healthy women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 95, 318–325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ran-Ressler, R.R.; Sim, D.; O’Donnell-Megaro, A.M.; Bauman, D.E.; Barbano, D.M.; Brenna, J.T. Branched chain fatty acid content of United States retail cow’s milk and implications for dietary intake. Lipids 2011, 46, 569–576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaneda, T. Iso- and anteiso-fatty acids in bacteria: Biosynthesis, function, and taxonomic significance. Microbiol. Rev. 1991, 55, 288–302. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Ran-Ressler, R.R.; Devapatla, S.; Lawrence, P.; Brenna, J.T. Branched chain fatty acids are constituents of the normal healthy newborn gastrointestinal tract. Pediatr. Res. 2008, 64, 605–609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ran-Ressler, R.R.; Khailova, L.; Arganbright, K.M.; Adkins-Rieck, C.K.; Jouni, Z.E.; Koren, O.; Ley, R.E.; Brenna, J.T.; Dvorak, B. Branched chain fatty acids reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and alter gastrointestinal microbial ecology in a neonatal rat model. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e29032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Torres-Gonzalez, M. Clinical evidence for saturated fat and full-fat dairy foods on lipid biomarkers. In Proceedings of the American Society for Nutrition Annual Meeting Held in Conjunction with Experimental Biology, Boston, MA, USA, 27 March 2015; Available online: http://scientificsessions.nutrition.org/2015/satellitesessions/dairy/ (accessed on 14 July 2016).
- Kritchevsky, D. History of recommendations to the public about dietary fat. J. Nutr. 1998, 128, 449S–452S. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Reiser, R. Oversimplification of diet: Coronary heart disease relationships and exaggerated diet recommendations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1978, 31, 865–875. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- De Lorgeril, M.; Salen, P. Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease: The Lyon diet heart study and after. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 2005, 95, 103–114. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Poss, J.; Custodis, F.; Werner, C.; Weingartner, O.; Bohm, M.; Laufs, U. Cardiovascular disease and dyslipidemia: Beyond LDL. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2011, 17, 861–870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Navab, M.; Reddy, S.T.; Van Lenten, B.J.; Fogelman, A.M. HDL and cardiovascular disease: Atherogenic and atheroprotective mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2011, 8, 222–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002, 106, 3143–3421. [Google Scholar]
- Lamarche, B.; Lemieux, I.; Despres, J.P. The small, dense LDL phenotype and the risk of coronary heart disease: Epidemiology, patho-physiology and therapeutic aspects. Diabetes Metab. 1999, 25, 199–211. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Alaupovic, P. The concept of apolipoprotein-defined lipoprotein families and its clinical significance. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2003, 5, 459–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Krauss, R.M. Lipoprotein subfractions and cardiovascular disease risk. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2010, 21, 305–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mora, S.; Szklo, M.; Otvos, J.D.; Greenland, P.; Psaty, B.M.; Goff, D.C., Jr.; O’Leary, D.H.; Saad, M.F.; Tsai, M.Y.; Sharrett, A.R. LDL particle subclasses, LDL particle size, and carotid atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis 2007, 192, 211–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- St-Pierre, A.C.; Cantin, B.; Dagenais, G.R.; Mauriege, P.; Bernard, P.M.; Despres, J.P.; Lamarche, B. Low-density lipoprotein subfractions and the long-term risk of ischemic heart disease in men: 13-year follow-up data from the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2005, 25, 553–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Musunuru, K.; Orho-Melander, M.; Caulfield, M.P.; Li, S.; Salameh, W.A.; Reitz, R.E.; Berglund, G.; Hedblad, B.; Engstrom, G.; Williams, P.T.; et al. Ion mobility analysis of lipoprotein subfractions identifies three independent axes of cardiovascular risk. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2009, 29, 1975–1980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Berneis, K.K.; Krauss, R.M. Metabolic origins and clinical significance of LDL heterogeneity. J. Lipid Res. 2002, 43, 1363–1379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kathiresan, S.; Otvos, J.D.; Sullivan, L.M.; Keyes, M.J.; Schaefer, E.J.; Wilson, P.W.; D’Agostino, R.B.; Vasan, R.S.; Robins, S.J. Increased small low-density lipoprotein particle number: A prominent feature of the metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2006, 113, 20–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Magkos, F.; Mohammed, B.S.; Mittendorfer, B. Effect of obesity on the plasma lipoprotein subclass profile in normoglycemic and normolipidemic men and women. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2008, 32, 1655–1664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nikolic, D.; Katsiki, N.; Montalto, G.; Isenovic, E.R.; Mikhailidis, D.P.; Rizzo, M. Lipoprotein subfractions in metabolic syndrome and obesity: Clinical significance and therapeutic approaches. Nutrients 2013, 5, 928–948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rader, D.J.; Tall, A.R. The not-so-simple HDL story: Is it time to revise the HDL cholesterol hypothesis? Nat. Med. 2012, 18, 1344–1346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Austin, M.A. Plasma triglyceride and coronary heart disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. 1991, 11, 2–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Miller, M.; Stone, N.J.; Ballantyne, C.; Bittner, V.; Criqui, M.H.; Ginsberg, H.N.; Goldberg, A.C.; Howard, W.J.; Jacobson, M.S.; Kris-Etherton, P.M.; et al. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011, 123, 2292–2333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Siri-Tarino, P.W.; Chiu, S.; Bergeron, N.; Krauss, R.M. Saturated Fats Versus Polyunsaturated Fats Versus Carbohydrates for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2015, 35, 517–543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pearson, T.A.; Mensah, G.A.; Alexander, R.W.; Anderson, J.L.; Cannon, R.O., 3rd; Criqui, M.; Fadl, Y.Y.; Fortmann, S.P.; Hong, Y.; Myers, G.L.; et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: Application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2003, 107, 499–511. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Ridker, P.M.; Hennekens, C.H.; Buring, J.E.; Rifai, N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 342, 836–843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eckel, R.H.; Jakicic, J.M.; Ard, J.D.; de Jesus, J.M.; Houston Miller, N.; Hubbard, V.S.; Lee, I.M.; Lichtenstein, A.H.; Loria, C.M.; Millen, B.E.; et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2014, 63, 2960–2984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lipsy, R.J. The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. J. Manag. Care Pharm. 2003, 9, 2–5. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Mozaffarian, D.; Micha, R.; Wallace, S. Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med. 2010, 7, e1000252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramsden, C.E.; Zamora, D.; Majchrzak-Hong, S.; Faurot, K.R.; Broste, S.K.; Frantz, R.P.; Davis, J.M.; Ringel, A.; Suchindran, C.M.; Hibbeln, J.R. Re-evaluation of the traditional diet-heart hypothesis: Analysis of recovered data from Minnesota Coronary Experiment (1968–73). BMJ 2016, 353, i1246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Lorgeril, M.; Salen, P.; Martin, J.L.; Monjaud, I.; Delaye, J.; Mamelle, N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: Final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation 1999, 99, 779–785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Obarzanek, E.; Sacks, F.M.; Vollmer, W.M.; Bray, G.A.; Miller, E.R., 3rd; Lin, P.H.; Karanja, N.M.; Most-Windhauser, M.M.; Moore, T.J.; Swain, J.F.; et al. Effects on blood lipids of a blood pressure-lowering diet: The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 74, 80–89. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Erlinger, T.P.; Miller, E.R., 3rd; Charleston, J.; Appel, L.J. Inflammation modifies the effects of a reduced-fat low-cholesterol diet on lipids: Results from the DASH-sodium trial. Circulation 2003, 108, 150–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Michalsen, A.; Lehmann, N.; Pithan, C.; Knoblauch, N.T.; Moebus, S.; Kannenberg, F.; Binder, L.; Budde, T.; Dobos, G.J. Mediterranean diet has no effect on markers of inflammation and metabolic risk factors in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 60, 478–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Howard, B.V.; Van Horn, L.; Hsia, J.; Manson, J.E.; Stefanick, M.L.; Wassertheil-Smoller, S.; Kuller, L.H.; LaCroix, A.Z.; Langer, R.D.; Lasser, N.L.; et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 2006, 295, 655–666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ginsberg, H.N.; Kris-Etherton, P.; Dennis, B.; Elmer, P.J.; Ershow, A.; Lefevre, M.; Pearson, T.; Roheim, P.; Ramakrishnan, R.; Reed, R.; et al. Effects of reducing dietary saturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy subjects: The DELTA Study, protocol 1. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1998, 18, 441–449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hepner, G.; Fried, R.; St Jeor, S.; Fusetti, L.; Morin, R. Hypocholesterolemic effect of yogurt and milk. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1979, 32, 19–24. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Rossouw, J.E.; Burger, E.M.; Van der Vyver, P.; Ferreira, J.J. The effect of skim milk, yoghurt, and full cream milk on human serum lipids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1981, 34, 351–356. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Thompson, L.U.; Jenkins, D.J.; Amer, M.A.; Reichert, R.; Jenkins, A.; Kamulsky, J. The effect of fermented and unfermented milks on serum cholesterol. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1982, 36, 1106–1111. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Steinmetz, K.A.; Childs, M.T.; Stimson, C.; Kushi, L.H.; McGovern, P.G.; Potter, J.D.; Yamanaka, W.K. Effect of consumption of whole milk and skim milk on blood lipid profiles in healthy men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994, 59, 612–618. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Nestel, P.J.; Mellett, N.; Pally, S.; Wong, G.; Barlow, C.K.; Croft, K.; Mori, T.A.; Meikle, P.J. Effects of low-fat or full-fat fermented and non-fermented dairy foods on selected cardiovascular biomarkers in overweight adults. Br. J. Nutr. 2013, 110, 2242–2249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mozaffarian, D. Dairy foods, dairy fat and cardiometabolic outcomes. In Proceedings of the American Society for Nutrition Annual Meeting Held in Conjunction with Experimental Biology, Boston, MA, USA, 27 March 2015; Available online: http://scientificsessions.nutrition.org/2015/satellitesessions/dairy/ (accessed on 14 July 2016).
- Look, A.R.G.; Wing, R.R.; Bolin, P.; Brancati, F.L.; Bray, G.A.; Clark, J.M.; Coday, M.; Crow, R.S.; Curtis, J.M.; Egan, C.M.; et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 369, 145–154. [Google Scholar]
- Browning, J.D.; Baker, J.A.; Rogers, T.; Davis, J.; Satapati, S.; Burgess, S.C. Short-term weight loss and hepatic triglyceride reduction: Evidence of a metabolic advantage with dietary carbohydrate restriction. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 93, 1048–1052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ebbeling, C.B.; Swain, J.F.; Feldman, H.A.; Wong, W.W.; Hachey, D.L.; Garcia-Lago, E.; Ludwig, D.S. Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance. JAMA 2012, 307, 2627–2634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Poutahidis, T.; Kleinewietfeld, M.; Smillie, C.; Levkovich, T.; Perrotta, A.; Bhela, S.; Varian, B.J.; Ibrahim, Y.M.; Lakritz, J.R.; Kearney, S.M.; et al. Microbial reprogramming inhibits Western diet-associated obesity. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e68596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lennerz, B.S.; Alsop, D.C.; Holsen, L.M.; Stern, E.; Rojas, R.; Ebbeling, C.B.; Goldstein, J.M.; Ludwig, D.S. Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 98, 641–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ludwig, D.S.; Friedman, M.I. Increasing adiposity: Consequence or cause of overeating? JAMA 2014, 311, 2167–2168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shai, I.; Schwarzfuchs, D.; Henkin, Y.; Shahar, D.R.; Witkow, S.; Greenberg, I.; Golan, R.; Fraser, D.; Bolotin, A.; Vardi, H.; et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 359, 229–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mozaffarian, D.; Hao, T.; Rimm, E.B.; Willett, W.C.; Hu, F.B. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 364, 2392–2404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Smith, J.D.; Hou, T.; Ludwig, D.S.; Rimm, E.B.; Willett, W.; Hu, F.B.; Mozaffarian, D. Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-term weight change: Results from 3 prospective cohorts. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 101, 1216–1224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abargouei, A.S.; Janghorbani, M.; Salehi-Marzijarani, M.; Esmaillzadeh, A. Effect of dairy consumption on weight and body composition in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2012, 36, 1485–1493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Berkey, C.S.; Rockett, H.R.; Willett, W.C.; Colditz, G.A. Milk, dairy fat, dietary calcium, and weight gain: A longitudinal study of adolescents. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2005, 159, 543–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huh, S.Y.; Rifas-Shiman, S.L.; Rich-Edwards, J.W.; Taveras, E.M.; Gillman, M.W. Prospective association between milk intake and adiposity in preschool-aged children. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2010, 110, 563–570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Noel, S.E.; Ness, A.R.; Northstone, K.; Emmett, P.; Newby, P.K. Milk intakes are not associated with percent body fat in children from ages 10 to 13 years. J. Nutr. 2011, 141, 2035–2041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Noel, S.E.; Ness, A.R.; Northstone, K.; Emmett, P.; Newby, P.K. Associations between flavored milk consumption and changes in weight and body composition over time: Differences among normal and overweight children. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 67, 295–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scharf, R.J.; Demmer, R.T.; DeBoer, M.D. Longitudinal evaluation of milk type consumed and weight status in preschoolers. Arch. Dis. Child. 2013, 98, 335–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rorive, M.; Letiexhe, M.R.; Scheen, A.J.; Ziegler, O. Obesity and type 2 diabetes. Rev. Med. Liege 2005, 60, 374–382. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Sluijs, I.; Forouhi, N.G.; Beulens, J.W.; van der Schouw, Y.T.; Agnoli, C.; Arriola, L.; Balkau, B.; Barricarte, A.; Boeing, H.; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B.; et al. The amount and type of dairy product intake and incident type 2 diabetes: Results from the EPIC-InterAct Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 96, 382–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mozaffarian, D.; Cao, H.; King, I.B.; Lemaitre, R.N.; Song, X.; Siscovick, D.S.; Hotamisligil, G.S. Trans-palmitoleic acid, metabolic risk factors, and new-onset diabetes in U.S. adults: A cohort study. Ann. Intern Med. 2010, 153, 790–799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Astrup, A. Cheese and metabolic diseases. In Proceedings of the Federation of European Nutrition Societies 12th European Nutrition Conference, Berlin, Germany, 20–23 October 2015; Available online: http://www.fensberlin2015.org/?seccion=programme (accessed on 14 July 2016).
- Soedamah-Muthu, S.S.; Ding, E.L.; Al-Delaimy, W.K.; Hu, F.B.; Engberink, M.F.; Willett, W.C.; Geleijnse, J.M. Milk and dairy consumption and incidence of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 93, 158–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Benatar, J.R.; Sidhu, K.; Stewart, R.A. Effects of high and low fat dairy food on cardio-metabolic risk factors: A meta-analysis of randomized studies. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e76480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thorning, T.K.; Raziani, F.; Bendsen, N.T.; Astrup, A.; Tholstrup, T.; Raben, A. Diets with high-fat cheese, high-fat meat, or carbohydrate on cardiovascular risk markers in overweight postmenopausal women: A randomized crossover trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 102, 573–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nilsen, R.; Hostmark, A.T.; Haug, A.; Skeie, S. Effect of a high intake of cheese on cholesterol and metabolic syndrome: Results of a randomized trial. Food Nutr. Res. 2015, 59, 27651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Schlienger, J.L.; Paillard, F.; Lecerf, J.M.; Romon, M.; Bonhomme, C.; Schmitt, B.; Donazzolo, Y.; Defoort, C.; Mallmann, C.; Le Ruyet, P.; et al. Effect on blood lipids of two daily servings of Camembert cheese. An intervention trial in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2014, 65, 1013–1018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hjerpsted, J.; Leedo, E.; Tholstrup, T. Cheese intake in large amounts lowers LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with butter intake of equal fat content. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 94, 1479–1484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Goede, J.; Geleijnse, J.M.; Ding, E.L.; Soedamah-Muthu, S.S. Effect of cheese consumption on blood lipids: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr. Rev. 2015, 73, 259–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lorenzen, J.K.; Jensen, S.K.; Astrup, A. Milk minerals modify the effect of fat intake on serum lipid profile: Results from an animal and a human short-term study. Br. J. Nutr. 2014, 111, 1412–1420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Soerensen, K.V.; Thorning, T.K.; Astrup, A.; Kristensen, M.; Lorenzen, J.K. Effect of dairy calcium from cheese and milk on fecal fat excretion, blood lipids, and appetite in young men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 99, 984–991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ralston, R.A.; Lee, J.H.; Truby, H.; Palermo, C.E.; Walker, K.Z. A systematic review and meta-analysis of elevated blood pressure and consumption of dairy foods. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2012, 26, 3–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Soedamah-Muthu, S.S.; Verberne, L.D.; Ding, E.L.; Engberink, M.F.; Geleijnse, J.M. Dairy consumption and incidence of hypertension: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Hypertension 2012, 60, 1131–1137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aune, D.; Norat, T.; Romundstad, P.; Vatten, L.J. Dairy products and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 98, 1066–1083. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tong, X.; Dong, J.Y.; Wu, Z.W.; Li, W.; Qin, L.Q. Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 65, 1027–1031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gao, D.; Ning, N.; Wang, C.; Wang, Y.; Li, Q.; Meng, Z.; Liu, Y.; Li, Q. Dairy products consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e73965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aune, D.; Lau, R.; Chan, D.S.; Vieira, R.; Greenwood, D.C.; Kampman, E.; Norat, T. Dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Ann. Oncol. 2012, 23, 37–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Delplanque, B. Dairy fat for infant formula: History and new evaluaiton of impact on brain DHA levels in animals. In Proceedings of the European Federation for the Science and Technology of Lipids 12th Euro Fed Lipids Congress, Montpellier, France, 14–17 September 2014; Available online: http://www.eurofedlipid.org/meetings/archive/montpellier2014/ (accessed on 14 July 2016).
- Delplanque, B.; Gibson, R.; Koletzko, B.; Lapillonne, A.; Strandvik, B. Lipid Quality in Infant Nutrition: Current Knowledge and Future Opportunities. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2015, 61, 8–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ailhaud, G.; Massiera, F.; Weill, P.; Legrand, P.; Alessandri, J.M.; Guesnet, P. Temporal changes in dietary fats: Role of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in excessive adipose tissue development and relationship to obesity. Prog. Lipid Res. 2006, 45, 203–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guesnet, P.; Alessandri, J.M. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the developing central nervous system (CNS)—Implications for dietary recommendations. Biochimie 2011, 93, 7–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Uauy, R.D.; Birch, D.G.; Birch, E.E.; Tyson, J.E.; Hoffman, D.R. Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on retinal function of very-low-birth-weight neonates. Pediatr. Res. 1990, 28, 485–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ailhaud, G.; Guesnet, P. Fatty acid composition of fats is an early determinant of childhood obesity: A short review and an opinion. Obes. Rev. 2004, 5, 21–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ailhaud, G.; Guesnet, P.; Cunnane, S.C. An emerging risk factor for obesity: Does disequilibrium of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism contribute to excessive adipose tissue development? Br. J. Nutr. 2008, 100, 461–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Clark, K.J.; Makrides, M.; Neumann, M.A.; Gibson, R.A. Determination of the optimal ratio of linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic acid in infant formulas. J. Pediatr. 1992, 120, S151–S158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pedersen, L.; Lauritzen, L.; Brasholt, M.; Buhl, T.; Bisgaard, H. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of mother’s milk is associated with childhood body composition. Pediatr. Res. 2012, 72, 631–636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lehner, F.; Demmelmair, H.; Roschinger, W.; Decsi, T.; Szasz, M.; Adamovich, K.; Arnecke, R.; Koletzko, B. Metabolic effects of intravenous LCT or MCT/LCT lipid emulsions in preterm infants. J. Lipid Res. 2006, 47, 404–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jamieson, E.C.; Farquharson, J.; Logan, R.W.; Howatson, A.G.; Patrick, W.J.; Weaver, L.T.; Cockburn, F. Infant cerebellar gray and white matter fatty acids in relation to age and diet. Lipids 1999, 34, 1065–1071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Campoy, C.; Escolano-Margarit, M.V.; Anjos, T.; Szajewska, H.; Uauy, R. Omega 3 fatty acids on child growth, visual acuity and neurodevelopment. Br. J. Nutr. 2012, 107 (Suppl. 2), S85–S106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Makrides, M.; Gibson, R.A.; McPhee, A.J.; Collins, C.T.; Davis, P.G.; Doyle, L.W.; Simmer, K.; Colditz, P.B.; Morris, S.; Smithers, L.G.; et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants fed high-dose docosahexaenoic acid: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009, 301, 175–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jensen, C.L.; Voigt, R.G.; Llorente, A.M.; Peters, S.U.; Prager, T.C.; Zou, Y.L.; Rozelle, J.C.; Turcich, M.R.; Fraley, J.K.; Anderson, R.E.; et al. Effects of early maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on neuropsychological status and visual acuity at five years of age of breast-fed term infants. J. Pediatr. 2010, 157, 900–905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bourre, J.M.; Francois, M.; Youyou, A.; Dumont, O.; Piciotti, M.; Pascal, G.; Durand, G. The effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on the composition of nerve membranes, enzymatic activity, amplitude of electrophysiological parameters, resistance to poisons and performance of learning tasks in rats. J. Nutr. 1989, 119, 1880–1892. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Bourre, J.M.; Piciotti, M.; Dumont, O.; Pascal, G.; Durand, G. Dietary linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat brain and other organs. Minimal requirements of linoleic acid. Lipids 1990, 25, 465–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Delplanque, B.; Du, Q.; Agnani, G.; Le Ruyet, P.; Martin, J.C. A dairy fat matrix providing alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is better than a vegetable fat mixture to increase brain DHA accretion in young rats. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 2013, 88, 115–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Delplanque, B.; Du, Q.; Leruyet, P.; Agnani, G.; Pages, N.; Gripois, D.; Ould-Hamouda, H.; Carayon, P.; Martin, J. Brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels of young rats are related to alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) levels and fat matrix of the diet: Impact of dairy fat. OCL 2011, 18, 293–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du, Q.; Martin, J.C.; Agnani, G.; Pages, N.; Leruyet, P.; Carayon, P.; Delplanque, B. Dairy fat blends high in alpha-linolenic acid are superior to n-3 fatty-acid-enriched palm oil blends for increasing DHA levels in the brains of young rats. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2012, 23, 1573–1582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Delplanque, B.; Du, Q.; Leruyet, P.; Martin, J.C. Better restauration of brain DHA with dairy-fat compared to vegetable blends in omega3-deficient rat. J. Arch. Pediatr. 2014, 21, 793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rolland, V.; Roseau, S.; Fromentin, G.; Nicolaidis, S.; Tome, D.; Even, P.C. Body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism in lean and obese Zucker rats fed soybean oil or butter. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 75, 21–30. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Bendixen, H.; Flint, A.; Raben, A.; Hoy, C.E.; Mu, H.; Xu, X.; Bartels, E.M.; Astrup, A. Effect of 3 modified fats and a conventional fat on appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation in healthy men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 75, 47–56. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Jones, P.J. Dietary linoleic, alpha-linolenic and oleic acids are oxidized at similar rates in rats fed a diet containing these acids in equal proportions. Lipids 1994, 29, 491–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tu, W.C.; Cook-Johnson, R.J.; James, M.J.; Muhlhausler, B.S.; Gibson, R.A. Omega-3 long chain fatty acid synthesis is regulated more by substrate levels than gene expression. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 2010, 83, 61–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cleland, L.G.; Gibson, R.A.; Pedler, J.; James, M.J. Paradoxical effect of n-3-containing vegetable oils on long-chain n-3 fatty acids in rat heart. Lipids 2005, 40, 995–998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morise, A.; Combe, N.; Boue, C.; Legrand, P.; Catheline, D.; Delplanque, B.; Fenart, E.; Weill, P.; Hermier, D. Dose effect of alpha-linolenic acid on PUFA conversion, bioavailability, and storage in the hamster. Lipids 2004, 39, 325–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bach, A.C.; Babayan, V.K. Medium-chain triglycerides: An update. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1982, 36, 950–962. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Lamarche, B. Is It Time to Revisit Saturated fat Guidelines? Available online: https://www.dairynutrition.ca/symposium/2014/is-it-time-to-revisit-saturated-fat-guidelines (accessed on 14 July 2016).
- Mozaffarian, D. Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review. Circulation 2016, 133, 187–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Available online: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/dietaryguidelines2010.pdf (accessed on 27 July 2016).
- The Affordable Care Act. Available online: http://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/about-the-law/index.html (accessed on 27 July 2016).
- National School Lunch Program. Available online: http://www.fns.usda.gov/nslp/national-school-lunch-program-nslp (accessed on 27 July 2016).
- Chandon, P.; Wansink, B. Does food marketing need to make us fat? A review and solutions. Nutr. Rev. 2012, 70, 571–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kratz, M.; Marcovina, S.; Nelson, J.E.; Yeh, M.M.; Kowdley, K.V.; Callahan, H.S.; Song, X.; Di, C.; Utzschneider, K.M. Dairy fat intake is associated with glucose tolerance, hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity, and liver fat but not beta-cell function in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 99, 1385–1396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Reference | Regular-Fat Dairy Food Included in Analysis | Outcome | Association between Regular-Fat Dairy and Outcome (Positive, Neutral, Inverse) |
---|---|---|---|
Ralston, 2012 [92] | Regular-fat dairy vs. low-fat dairy | Elevated blood pressure | Neutral |
Cheese vs. fluid dairy | Neutral | ||
Soedamah-Muthu, 2012 [93] | Regular-fat dairy | Hypertension incidence | Neutral |
Cheese | Neutral | ||
Soedamah-Muthu, 2011 [83] | Regular-fat dairy products | Cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease and stroke) | Neutral |
Total mortality | Neutral | ||
Aune, 2013 [94] | Regular-fat dairy products (200 g/day) | Type 2 diabetes risk | Neutral |
Cheese (50 g/day) | Inverse | ||
Tong, 2011 [95] | Regular-fat dairy | Type-2 diabetes | Neutral |
Whole milk | Neutral | ||
Gao, 2013 [96] | Cheese (30 g/day) | Type-2 diabetes | Inverse |
Benatar, 2013 [84] | Regular-fat dairy | Weight | Positive |
Waist circumference | Neutral | ||
HOMA-IR | Neutral | ||
Fasting glucose | Neutral | ||
Systolic blood pressure | Neutral | ||
Diastolic blood pressure | Neutral | ||
CRP | Neutral | ||
Aune, 2012 [97] | Cheese (50 g/day) dose-response | Colorectal cancer risk | Neutral |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Astrup, A.; Rice Bradley, B.H.; Brenna, J.T.; Delplanque, B.; Ferry, M.; Torres-Gonzalez, M. Regular-Fat Dairy and Human Health: A Synopsis of Symposia Presented in Europe and North America (2014–2015). Nutrients 2016, 8, 463. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080463
Astrup A, Rice Bradley BH, Brenna JT, Delplanque B, Ferry M, Torres-Gonzalez M. Regular-Fat Dairy and Human Health: A Synopsis of Symposia Presented in Europe and North America (2014–2015). Nutrients. 2016; 8(8):463. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080463
Chicago/Turabian StyleAstrup, Arne, Beth H. Rice Bradley, J. Thomas Brenna, Bernadette Delplanque, Monique Ferry, and Moises Torres-Gonzalez. 2016. "Regular-Fat Dairy and Human Health: A Synopsis of Symposia Presented in Europe and North America (2014–2015)" Nutrients 8, no. 8: 463. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080463