Effects of a Low Dose of Fish Oil on Inflammatory Markers of Brazilian HIV-Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Randomized, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
Characteristics/Groups | Fish Oil | Placebo | Total |
---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 43 (51.8%) | 40 (48.2%) | 83 (100%) |
Age, mean (SD) | 43.1 (7.4) | 42.8 (6.3) | 43.0 (6.8) |
Gender, n (%) | |||
Male | 33 (76.7%) | 31 (77.5%) | 64 (77.1%) |
Female | 10 (23.3%) | 9 (22.5%) | 19 (22.9%) |
Marital status | |||
Married/stable relationship | 19 (44.2%) | 18 (45.0%) | 37 (44.6%) |
Single/divorced/widowed | 24 (55.8%) | 22 (55.5%) | 46 (55.4%) |
Socio-economic factors, mean (SD) | |||
Per capita income/month | 2.5 (1.7) | 3.3 (3.0) | 2.9 (2.4) |
Years of study | 13.2 (4.3) | 12.3 (3.8) | 12.7 (4.1) |
Life style characteristics, n (%) | |||
Smoking | 14 (32.6%) | 21 (52.5%) | 35 (42.2%) |
Alcohol intake | 29 (67.4%) | 26 (65.0%) | 55 (66%) |
Nutritional status, mean (SD) | |||
BMI | 24.8 (3.6) | 23.2 (3.8) | 24.0 (3.8) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 89.2 (10.2) | 85.0 (10.8) | 87.2 (10.6) |
Waist/hip ratio | 0.92 (0.08) | 0.90 (0.08) | 0.91 (0.08) |
Neck circumference (cm) | 38.4 (3.6) | 36.8 ( 3.5) | 37.7 (3.6) |
HIV/Aids parameters, mean (SD) | |||
CD4+ cell count (cells/mm3) # | 591.8 (259.6) | 616.2 (366.9) | 603.8 (315.4) |
CD4+/CD8+ ratio | 0.93 (0.69) | 0.74 (0.41) | 0.84 (0.58) |
HIV viral load ## | 40.3 (182.5) | 65.8 (244.7) | 53.0 (214.8) |
Years of infection | 10.3 (5.7) | 10.9 (5.0) | 10.6 (5.4) |
Years of ART | 8.3 (4.1) | 9.2 (3.5) | 8.7 (3.9) |
Current ART, n (%) | |||
2 NRTI + 1 NNRTI | 20 (46.5%) | 15 (37.5%) | 35 (42.2%) |
2 NRTI + 1 PI | 6 (14.0%) | 2 (5.0%) | 8 (9.6%) |
2 NRTI + 2 PI | 13 (30.2%) | 14 (35.0%) | 27 (32.5%) |
Other combinations | 4 (9.3%) | 9 (22.5%) | 13 (15.7%) |
Use of PI | 22 (51.2%) | 25 (62.5%) | 47 (56.6%) |
Use of NNRTI | 21 (48.8%) | 16 (40.0%) | 37 (44.5%) |
Supplement compliance, mean (SD) ** | 85.1% (7.7%) | 83.7% (13.5%) | 84.4% (11.0%) |
Fish Oil | Placebo | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | Median (IQR) | N | Median (IQR) | |
High sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L) | ||||
Baseline * | 43 | 2.34 (0.74–3.75) | 40 | 1.68 (0.76–3.23) |
12th week | 42 | 1.93 (0.79–3.15) | 36 | 1.40 (0.87–3.13) |
24th week | 31 | 2.36 (0.65–3.52) | 35 | 2.10 (0.94–3.40) |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | ||||
Baseline ** | 43 | 266 (236–364) | 39 | 323 (260–415) |
12th week | 42 | 275 (234–349) | 35 | 320 (251–405) |
24th week | 31 | 262 (233–346) | 34 | 306 (245–388) |
VIII factor (%) | ||||
Baseline *** | 43 | 92 (65–110) | 38 | 83 (69–113) |
12th week | 42 | 83 (61–106) | 33 | 78 (51–97) |
24th week | 30 | 96 (87–117) | 34 | 98 (81–111) |
Placebo | Fish Oil | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | Median (IQR) | N | Median (IQR) | |
Interleukin 6 (pg/mL) | ||||
Baseline * | 36 | 1.72 (1.21, 3.01) | 42 | 1.93 (0.02, 3.43) |
12th week | 36 | 1.31 (1.00, 2.00) | 42 | 1.49 (0.74, 2.48) |
Change # | 36 | −0.32 (−0.89, 0.48) | 42 | −0.36 (−1.13, 0.52) |
Interleukin 1—Beta (pg/mL) | ||||
Baseline ** | 36 | 0.23 (0.05–0.52) | 42 | 0.15 (0.02, 0.47) |
12th week | 36 | 0.25 (0.13–0.56) | 42 | 0.17 (0.01, 0.43) |
Change ## | 36 | 0.00 (−0.19–0.18) | 42 | 0.00 (−0.22, 0.24) |
Tumor necrosis factor—Alpha (pg/mL) | ||||
Baseline *** | 36 | 1.05 (0.74, 1.98) | 42 | 0.96 (0.58, 1.94) |
12th week | 36 | 0.95 (0.68, 1.47) | 42 | 0.78 (0.55, 1.13) |
Change ### | 36 | −0.06 (−0.92, 0.28) | 42 | −0.17 (−0.71, 0.11) |
Coefficient | SD | z | p | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
hs-CRP | |||||
Fish oil | 0.070 | 0.186 | 0.38 | 0.705 | −0.293 to 0.434 |
Time | 0.009 | 0.049 | 0.17 | 0.861 | −0.088 to 0.105 |
Constant | 0.425 | 0.164 | 2.59 | 0.010 | −0.104 to 0.747 |
Wald Chi2 = 0.17, p = 0.918 | |||||
Fibrinogen | |||||
Fish oil | −0.099 | 0.052 | −1.92 | 0.055 | −0.200 to 0.002 |
Time | −0.004 | 0.012 | −0.39 | 0.699 | −0.029 to 0.020 |
Constant | 4.767 | 0.444 | 129.78 | 0.000 | 5.680 to 5.854 |
Wald Chi2 = 3.82, p = 0.148 | |||||
VIII factor | |||||
Fish oil | 0.007 | 0.058 | 0.12 | 0.902 | −0.106 to 0.120 |
Time | 0.061 | 0.027 | 2.29 | 0.022 | −0.009 to 0.114 |
Constant | 4.328 | 0.067 | 64.40 | 0.000 | −4.196 to 4.460 |
Wald Chi2 = 5.25, p = 0.073 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oliveira, J.M.; Rondó, P.H.C.; Lima, L.R.A.V.; Fortuna, E.S.; Yudkin, J.S. Effects of a Low Dose of Fish Oil on Inflammatory Markers of Brazilian HIV-Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Randomized, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2015, 7, 6520-6528. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7085294
Oliveira JM, Rondó PHC, Lima LRAV, Fortuna ES, Yudkin JS. Effects of a Low Dose of Fish Oil on Inflammatory Markers of Brazilian HIV-Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Randomized, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2015; 7(8):6520-6528. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7085294
Chicago/Turabian StyleOliveira, Julicristie M., Patrícia H. C. Rondó, Lourdes R. A. V. Lima, Elizabeth S. Fortuna, and John S. Yudkin. 2015. "Effects of a Low Dose of Fish Oil on Inflammatory Markers of Brazilian HIV-Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Randomized, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Trial" Nutrients 7, no. 8: 6520-6528. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7085294