Modulation of the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses by Vitamin D
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Host Immune Response to Viral Respiratory Infection
2.1. Innate Immune Response
2.2. Adaptive Immune Response
3. Immunomodulatory Actions of Vitamin D Metabolites
4. Effects of Vitamin D on the Innate Immune Response to Respiratory Pathogens
5. Effects of Vitamin D on the Adaptive Immune Response to Respiratory Pathogens
6. Effects of Vitamin D Metabolites on the Host Response to Respiratory Viruses
6.1. Rhinovirus
6.2. RSV
6.3. Influenza Virus
6.4. Other Respiratory Viruses
7. Conclusions
Abbreviations Used
1,25(OH)2D | 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D |
25(OH)D | hydroxyvitamin D |
7-DHC | 7-dehydrocholesterol |
Ag | Antigen |
AP-1 | Activator protein 1 |
APC | Antigen presenting cell |
ARI | Acute respiratory infection |
CARD | Caspase recruitment domain |
CCL | Cysteine-cysteine motif ligand |
CD | Cluster of differentiation |
CpG | Cytosine phosphate guanine |
CREB | Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) responsive element-binding protein |
CXCL | Cysteine-X-cysteine motif ligand |
CYP | cytochrome p450 |
DC | Dendritic cell |
ds | Double-stranded |
FADD | FAS associated death domain |
GAS | IFN-γ activated site |
HBD2 | Human beta defensin 2 |
IFN | Interferon |
IFNAR1 | IFN alpha receptor 1 |
Ig | immunoglobulin |
IκBα | Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha |
IKK | Inhibitor of NF-κB kinase |
IL | Interleukin |
iNOS | Inducible nitric oxide synthase |
IPS-1 | IFN-β promoter stimulator 1 |
IRAK | Interleukin-1-receptor-associated kinase 1 |
IRF | Interferon regulatory factor |
ISG | Interferon stimulated gene |
ISGF3 | interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 |
ISRE | interferon stimulated response element |
JAK | Janus kinase |
JNK | c-jun N-terminal kinase |
LRR | Leucine rich repeat |
MAPK | Mitogen activated protein kinase |
MDA5 | Melanoma differentiation-associated protein kinase |
MEK | mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase |
MHC | Major histocompatibility complex |
MxA | Myxovirus resistance protein 1 |
MYD88 | Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 |
NAP | NF-κB activating kinase (NAK)-associated protein |
NEMO | NF-κB essential modulator |
NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa B |
NOD | Nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain |
PAMP | pathogen-associated molecular pattern |
PRR | pattern recognition receptor |
Raf | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase |
Ras | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase |
RIG-1 | Retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 |
RIP1 | Receptor interacting protein |
RNA Pol II | RNA polymerase II complex |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
RSV | Respiratory syncytial virus |
RV | Rhinovirus |
RXR | Retinoid X receptor |
SINTBAD | Similar to NAP-1 TBK adaptor |
ss | Single-stranded |
STAT | signal transducer and activator of transcription |
TAB | TGF-β activated kinase |
TAK | TGF-β activated kinase |
TANK | TRAF family member associated NF-κB activator |
TBK | TANK-binding kinase |
TCR | T-cell receptor |
TGF | Transforming growth factor |
TIR | Toll/IL-1 receptor |
TLR | Toll-like receptor |
TNF | tumour necrosis factor |
TRADD | TNF receptor associated death domain |
TRAF | TNF receptor associated factor |
Treg | Regulatory T-cell |
TRIF | TIR-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β |
TYK | tyrosine kinase |
VRD | vitamin D receptor |
VDRE | vitamin D responsive element. Circled P’s in figures represent phosphorylation |
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Greiller, C.L.; Martineau, A.R. Modulation of the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses by Vitamin D. Nutrients 2015, 7, 4240-4270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064240
Greiller CL, Martineau AR. Modulation of the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses by Vitamin D. Nutrients. 2015; 7(6):4240-4270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064240
Chicago/Turabian StyleGreiller, Claire L., and Adrian R. Martineau. 2015. "Modulation of the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses by Vitamin D" Nutrients 7, no. 6: 4240-4270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064240