Micronutrients in Pregnancy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Micronutrient Deficiencies in Women of Reproductive Age
3. Micronutrients during Pregnancy
4. Interactions among Micronutrients
5. Offspring of Micronutrient-Deficient Mothers
6. Gestational Micronutrient Deficiencies and Later Risk of Chronic Disease
7. Addressing the Problem
7.1. Clinical
7.1.1. Supplementation with Micronutrient Tablets
7.1.2. Food Supplementation
7.2. Public Health Measures
7.2.1. Supplementation
7.2.2. Nutrition Education, Dietary Improvement and Improved Public Health Measures
7.2.3. Fortification
Intervention | Setting | Comments (Only Significant Findings and Original Systematic Review References) |
---|---|---|
Folic acid supplementation | ||
WRA * | LMIC ** and affluent countries | [92] |
Pregnant women | Mostly more developled countries | [93] |
Iron and iron-folic acid supplementation | ||
WRA | Both LMIC and affluent countries. Interventions mainly given in school settings to adolescents and evidence mostly from effectiveness studies | Intermittent iron supplementation (once or twice a week)—reduces anaemia rates [94] |
Pregnant women | Both LMIC and affluent countries. Intervention | Reduction in LBW ***, reduction in anaemia rates at term and improved Hb [95] |
Multiple micronutrients (MMN) supplementation | ||
Pregnant women | LMIC and affluent countries. Studies compared MMN with two or fewer micronutrients | Reduction in LBW and currently insignificant data for neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring [96] |
Calcium supplementation | ||
Pregnant women | LMIC and affluent countries. Mostly effectiveness trials | Reduction in pre-eclampsia as well as LBW and pre-term birth [97] |
Iodine through salt iodization programmes | ||
Pregnant women | Mostly LMIC. Mostly effectiveness trials. | Cretinism at 4y reduced, improved birthweight, developmental scores higher in young children [98] |
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Darnton-Hill, I.; Mkparu, U.C. Micronutrients in Pregnancy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Nutrients 2015, 7, 1744-1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7031744
Darnton-Hill I, Mkparu UC. Micronutrients in Pregnancy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Nutrients. 2015; 7(3):1744-1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7031744
Chicago/Turabian StyleDarnton-Hill, Ian, and Uzonna C. Mkparu. 2015. "Micronutrients in Pregnancy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries" Nutrients 7, no. 3: 1744-1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7031744