Interleukin-6 Gene Polymorphisms, Dietary Fat Intake, Obesity and Serum Lipid Concentrations in Black and White South African Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Body Composition
2.2.2. Blood Sampling and Analysis
2.2.3. Polymorphism Selection
2.2.4. DNA Extraction and Genotype Analysis
2.2.5. IL-6 IVS3 +281 G>T, rs1554606
2.2.6. IL-6 IVS4 +869 A>G, rs2069845
2.2.7. Dietary Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Subject Characteristics
3.2. Genotype and Allelic Frequency
Subject characteristics | Black, n = 147 | White, n = 121 | p-values | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal-weight | Obese | Normal-weight | Obese | BMI Group | Ethnicity | Interaction | |
n | 73 | 74 | 73 | 48 | - | - | - |
Age, years | 24 ± 6 | 30 ± 8 | 28 ± 7 | 34 ± 9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.969 |
Body Composition a | |||||||
Height, m | 1.61 ± 0.06 | 1.59 ± 0.06 | 1.67 ± 0.07 | 1.67 ± 0.07 | 0.009 | <0.001 | 0.350 |
Weight, kg | 58 ± 6 | 91 ± 13 | 61 ± 6 | 97 ± 14 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.272 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22 ± 2 | 36 ± 5 | 21 ± 2 | 35 ± 4 | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.596 |
Fat Mass, kg | 17 ± 4 | 41 ± 9 | 17 ± 4 | 44 ± 9 | <0.001 | 0.190 | 0.045 |
Body fat, % | 31 ± 5 | 45 ± 4 | 28 ± 5 | 45 ± 4 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.004 |
Waist, cm | 74 ± 6 | 103 ± 12 | 77 ± 6 | 106 ± 10 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.972 |
WHR | 0.75 ± 0.06 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.78 ± 0.05 | 0.85 ± 0.06 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.426 |
Metabolic Outcomes b | |||||||
TAG, mmol/L | 0.50 (0.40–0.70) | 0.80 (0.60–1.04) | 0.80 (0.60–1.08) | 1.10 (0.78–1.50) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.339 |
T-C, mmol/L | 3.8 (3.3–4.2) | 4.1 (3.6–4.5) | 4.5 (4.0–5.0) | 5.0 (4.4–5.7) | 0.031 | <0.001 | 0.357 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.5 (1.2–1.7) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | 1.5 (1.3–1.6) | <0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.638 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.1 (1.6–2.5) | 2.5 (2.0–2.9) | 2.3 (1.9–2.7) | 2.9 (2.6–3.5) | <0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.215 |
T-C:HDL–C ratio | 2.6 (2.2–3.1) | 3.5 (2.9–4.1) | 2.6 (2.2–2.8) | 3.5 (3.0–4.2) | <0.001 | 0.520 | 0.260 |
Subject characteristics | Normal-weight | Obese | * p-values | Ensemble 1000 Genomes: Phase 1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Black | White | Black | White | * Ethnicity | ** BMI Group | EUR | GBR | AFR | ASW | |
IL-6 174 G>C rs1800795 | ||||||||||
n | 72 | 74 | 72 | 48 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
G/G | 0.97 | 0.28 | 0.97 | 0.25 | - | - | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.95 | 0.78 |
G/C | 0.03 | 0.61 | 0.03 | 0.50 | - | - | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.05 | 0.21 |
C/C | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.25 | <0.001 | 0.104 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
C | 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.01 | 0.50 | <0.001 | 0.515 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
*** HWE p-value | 1.000 | 0.053 | 1.000 | 1.000 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
IL-6 281 G>T Dde I rs1554606 | ||||||||||
n | 66 | 74 | 69 | 48 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
G/G | 0.59 | 0.35 | 0.59 | 0.25 | - | - | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0.39 |
AG/T | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.36 | 0.54 | - | - | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.57 |
T/T | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.914 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
T | 0.23 | 0.41 | 0.22 | 0.48 | <0.001 | 0.950 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 0.32 |
*** HWE p-value | 0.740 | 0.814 | 1.000 | 0.772 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
IL-6 869 A>G Msp I rs2069845 | ||||||||||
n | 65 | 73 | 65 | 48 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
A/A | 0.55 | 0.38 | 0.58 | 0.29 | - | - | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.46 | 0.37 |
G/A | 0.35 | 0.60 | 0.37 | 0.71 | - | - | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.57 |
G/G | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.00 | <0.001 | 0.293 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
G | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 0.35 | 0.688 | 0.474 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.29 | 0.33 |
*** HWE p-value | 0.526 | 0.001 | 1.000 | <0.001 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
3.3. Body Composition and Genotype
3.4. Serum Lipid Concentrations and Genotype
3.5. Dietary Intake
Dietary variable | Black | White | p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal-weight | Obese | Normal-weight | Obese | BMI Group | Ethnic Group | |
n | 73 | 74 | 73 | 48 | - | - |
Fat (%E) | 33.7 (28.3–37.2) | 34.7 (31.1–38.5) | 29.6 (25.7–32.5) | 30.6 (26.3–33.9) | 0.023 | 0.002 |
SFA (%E) | 9.2 (7.9–10.7) | 9.5 (8.3–10.9) | 9.7 (8.3–12.0) | 11.2 (9.1–12.3) | 0.041 | <0.001 |
MUFA (%E) | 10.3 (8.8–11.8) | 11.4 (9.8–12.9) | 10.2 (8.7–11.6) | 10.4 (8.4–12.1) | 0.05 | 0.844 |
PUFA (%E) | 8.4 (6.8–10.2) | 9.5 (7.7–11.0) | 6.1 (4.9–7.9) | 6.1 (4.8–7.6) | 0.007 | <0.001 |
P:S ratio | 0.91 (0.73–1.17) | 1 (0.81–1.21) | 0.62 (0.46–0.78) | 0.56 (0.48–0.72) | 0.205 | <0.001 |
(n-3) PUFA (%E) | 0.28 (0.22–0.34) | 0.36 (0.27–0.46) | 0.33 (0.26–0.41) | 0.32 (0.27–0.39) | 0.296 | 0.997 |
(n-6) PUFA (%E) | 7.9 (6.6–10.3) | 9.1 (7.3–10.7) | 5.5 (4.2–7.5) | 5.5 (4.4–7.2) | 0.01 | <0.001 |
(n-6):(n-3) PUFA ratio | 27 (20.0–39.9) | 25.7 (18.3–36.5) | 15.9 (12.3–22.5) | 16.4 (13.0–24.9) | 0.203 | <0.001 |
ALA (%E) | 0.21 (0.18–0.25) | 0.22 (0.18–0.27) | 0.26 (0.21–0.30) | 0.25 (0.21–0.29) | 0.372 | <0.001 |
LA (%E) | 8.1 (6.70–10.6) | 9.3 (7.50–10.9) | 5.5 (4.20–7.40) | 5.5 (4.40–7.20) | 0.011 | <0.001 |
AA (%E) | 0.04 (0.030–0.060) | 0.06 (0.040–0.070) | 0.03 (0.020–0.040) | 0.04 (0.030–0.050) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
EPA (%E) | 0.017 (0.009–0.035) | 0.037 (0.016–0.065) | 0.014 (0.009–0.023) | 0.018 (0.009–0.025) | 0.037 | <0.001 |
DHA (%E) | 0.037 (0.023–0.076) | 0.079 (0.038–0.128) | 0.047 (0.029–0.063) | 0.045 (0.028–0.066) | 0.043 | 0.001 |
3.6. Diet-Genotype Interactions on BMI and Body Composition
3.6.1. IL-6 −174 G>C
Dietary variable | SNP | Black | White | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight, kg | BMI, kg/m2 | Fat Mass, kg | Waist, cm | BMI, kg/m2 | Fat Mass, kg | Body Fat % | Waist, cm | WHR | ||
Total fat | IVS3 +281 G>T | ↑ GG or GT ↓ TT | ↑ GG or GT ↓ TT | ↑ GG or GT ↓ TT | ↑ GG or GT ↓ TT | - | - | - | - | - |
IVS4 +869 A>G | ↑ AG or AA a ↓ GG a | ↑ AG or AA a ↓ GG a | ↑ AG or AA a ↓ GG a | ↑ AG or AA ↓ GG a | - | - | - | - | - | |
SFA | IVS3 +281 G>T | - | ↑ GG or G b ↓ TT b | ↑ GG or GT ↓ TT | - | - | - | - | - | - |
IVS4 +869 A>G | ↑ AG or AA a ↓ GG a | ↑ AG or AA a ↓ GG a | ↑ AG or AA a ↓ GG a | ↑ AG or AA a ↓ GG a | - | - | - | - | - | |
MUFA | IVS3 +281 G>T | - | ↓ TT | ↑ GG or GT ↓ TT | - | - | - | - | - | - |
IVS4 +869 A>G | ↑ AG or AA a ↓ GG a | ↑ AG or AA a ↓ GG a | ↑ AG or AA a ↓ GG a | ↑ AG or AA a ↓ GG a | - | - | - | - | - | |
PUFA | IVS3 +281 G>T | ↑ GG or GT ↓ TT | ↑ GG or GT b ↓ TT b | ↑ GG or GT ↓ TT | ↑ GG or GT ↓ TT | - | - | - | - | - |
n-6 PUFA | IVS3 +281 G>T | ↑ GG or GT ↓ TT | ↑ GG or G b ↓ TT b | ↑ GG or GT ↓ TT | - | - | - | - | - | - |
LA | IVS3 +281 G>T | ↑ GG or GT ↓ TT | ↑ GG or G b ↓ TT b | ↑ GG or GT ↓ TT | - | - | - | - | - | - |
AA | IVS3 +281 G>T | ↑ GG or GT ↓ TT | ↑ GG or GT b ↓ TT b | ↑ GG or GT ↓ TT | - | - | - | - | - | - |
IVS4 +869 A>G | ↑ AG or AA | ↑ AG or AA | ↑ AG or AA | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
n-3 PUFA | −174 G>C | - | - | - | - | ↓ C allele | - | - | - | - |
IVS4 +869 A>G | - | - | - | - | - | ↓ AG or GG | - | - | - | |
EPA | −174 G>C | - | - | - | - | ↓ C allele | - | - | - | - |
DHA | −174 G>C | - | - | - | - | ↓ C allele | - | - | - | - |
ALA | IVS3 +281 G>T | - | - | - | - | ↓ T allele | - | - | ↓ T allele | ↓ T allele |
IVS4 +869 A>G | - | - | - | - | - | ↓ AG or GG b ↑ AA ab | - | - | - | |
n-6:n-3 ratio | −174 G>C | - | - | - | - | ↑ C allele | - | - | - | - |
IVS3 +281 G>T | - | - | - | - | ↑ T allele b | - | ↑ T allele | ↑ T allele b | - | |
IVS4 +869 A>G | - | - | - | - | - | ↑ AG or GG c | - | - | - |
3.6.2. IVS3 +281 G>T
3.6.3. IVS4 +869 A>G
3.7. Diet-Genotype Interactions on Serum Lipid Concentrations
3.7.1. IL-6 −174 G>C
Dietary variable | SNP | Black | White | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TAG, mmol/L | LDL-C, mmol/L | T-C:HDL-C Ratio | TAG, mmol/L | HDL-C, mmol/L | T-C:HDL-C Ratio | ||
Total fat | IVS3 +281 G>T | - | ↓ VGT | ↓ GT | - | - | - |
IVS4 +869 A>G | ↑ GG ↓ AA | - | ↑ GG a ↓ AA a | - | - | - | |
MUFA | −174 G>C | - | - | - | ↓ C allele | - | - |
IVS3 +281 G>T | - | ↓ GT | ↓ GT | - | - | - | |
PUFA | IVS3 +281 G>T | - | ↓ GT b | ↓ GT | - | - | - |
n -6 PUFA | IVS3 +281 G>T | - | ↓ GT b | ↓ GT | - | - | - |
LA | IVS3 +281 G>T | - | ↓ GT b | ↓ GT | - | - | - |
n -3 PUFA | −174 G>C | - | - | - | - | ↑ C allele | - |
EPA | −174 G>C | - | - | - | ↓ C allele | - | ↓ CC |
IVS3 +281 G>T | - | - | - | - | - | ↓ TT | |
IVS4 +869 A>G | - | - | - | - | ↓ G allele a | - | |
DHA | −174 G>C | - | - | - | - | ↑ C allele | ↓ CC |
IVS4 +869 A>G | - | - | - | - | ↓ G allele a | - | |
ALA | −174 G>C | - | - | - | - | ↑ C allele | - |
IVS3 +281 G>T | - | - | - | - | ↑ T allele | ↓ TT b | |
n -6: n -3 ratio | IVS4 +869 A>G | ↑ GG ↓ AA | - | ↑ GG ↓ AA | - | - | - |
3.7.2. IVS3 +281 G>T
3.7.3. IVS4 +869 A>G
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Abbreviations
AA | arachidonic acid |
ALA | α-linolenic acid |
CVD | cardiovascular disease |
CHO | carbohydrate |
DHA | docosahexaenoic acid |
EPA | eicosapentaenoic acid |
HDL-C | high density lipoprotein-cholesterol |
hsCRP | high sensitivity C-reactive protein |
HOMA-IR | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance |
IL-6 | interleukin 6 |
IL-6 | interleukin six gene |
LA | linoleic acid |
LDL-C | low density lipoprotein-cholesterol |
MUFA | mono-unsaturated fat |
%E | percentage energy |
(n-6) PUFA | (omega-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids |
(n-3) PUFA | (omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid |
(n-6):(n-3) PUFA ratio | (omega-6):(omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio |
P:S ratio | polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio |
SFA | saturated fat |
SNP | single nucleotide polymorphism |
SA | South African |
T-C | total cholesterol |
T-C:HDL-C ratio | total cholesterol:high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio |
TAG | triacylglycerol |
VAT | visceral adipose tissue |
VLDL-C | very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol |
WHR | waist hip ratio |
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Joffe, Y.T.; Van der Merwe, L.; Evans, J.; Collins, M.; Lambert, E.V.; September, A.V.; Goedecke, J.H. Interleukin-6 Gene Polymorphisms, Dietary Fat Intake, Obesity and Serum Lipid Concentrations in Black and White South African Women. Nutrients 2014, 6, 2436-2465. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062436
Joffe YT, Van der Merwe L, Evans J, Collins M, Lambert EV, September AV, Goedecke JH. Interleukin-6 Gene Polymorphisms, Dietary Fat Intake, Obesity and Serum Lipid Concentrations in Black and White South African Women. Nutrients. 2014; 6(6):2436-2465. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062436
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoffe, Yael T., Lize Van der Merwe, Juliet Evans, Malcolm Collins, Estelle V. Lambert, Alison V. September, and Julia H. Goedecke. 2014. "Interleukin-6 Gene Polymorphisms, Dietary Fat Intake, Obesity and Serum Lipid Concentrations in Black and White South African Women" Nutrients 6, no. 6: 2436-2465. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062436