Eating Disorders, Physical Fitness and Sport Performance: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aim and Objectives of the Systematic Review
3. Methods/Design
3.1. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
3.2. Information Source
3.3. Search Strategy
3.4. Study Selection
3.5. Data Collection Process and Data Items
3.6. Data Synthesis
4. Results
First Author | Year | Study | Sample | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fohlin et al. [20] | 1978 | Cross-sectional | 28 AN adolescents (17 F, 11 M) | Lower aerobic fitness than predicted values |
Fohlin et al. [21] | 1978 | Longitudinal | 8 AN adolescents (5 F, 3 M) | Pre-treatment reduction in aerobic capacity that is totally normalized with normal weight restoration |
Nudel et al. [22] | 1984 | Cross-sectional | 20 female AN adolescents and 15 controls | Reduced working capacity and cardiovascular response to exercise |
Einerson et al. [23] | 1988 | Cross-sectional | 42 AN females; 33 BN females and 14 lean controls | Lower muscle strength in AN than in BN and control groups Lower aerobic fitness in both AN and BN in comparison with control group |
Waller et al. [24] | 1996 | Longitudinal | 10 female AN inpatients | Partial improvement in aerobic capacity in eight weeks of re-feeding, but this remains lower than normal |
Rigaud et al. [25] | 1997 | Longitudinal | 15 AN patients (13 F, 2M) and 15 controls (13 F, 2 M) | Reduced muscle fitness (performance) in malnourished patients, which completely normalized after 45 days of re-feeding, although VO2 remained lower than in controls |
McLoughlin et al. [26] | 1998 | Cross-sectional | 8 AN females | Lower muscle strength than predicted values |
Biadi et al. [27] | 2001 | Cross-sectional | 19 AN females and 20 lean controls | Lower working capacity, cardiovascular response to exercise, and VO2 (aerobic fitness) at rest and during exercise in AN group than in control group |
Rowland et al. [28] | 2003 | Cross-sectional | 8 adolescent female AN inpatients and 8 controls | Low heart rate and lower aerobic fitness in AN patients than in controls |
Chantler et al. [29] | 2006 | Longitudinal | 14 female inpatient AN (7 trained, 7 not trained) and 7 trained controls | Increased muscular strength in AN patients who underwent an eight week light-intensity resistance training programme than in non-trained AN group |
Fontana et al. [30] | 2009 | Cross-sectional | 15 female AN inpatients, 15 female BN inpatients and 11 controls | No significant differences in postural stability between AN and control group BN group more unstable than control and AN groups |
Bratland-Sanda et al. [31] | 2010 | Cross-sectional | 59 longstanding female ED inpatients and 53 controls | Lower in muscular strength among longstanding ED (AN, BN and EDNOS) patients than in controls |
Del Valle et al. [32] | 2010 | Longitudinal | 22 AN adolescents (20 F, 2 M) divided into two groups (trained and not trained) | No significant improvement in functional capacity (including aerobic capacity) after 3-month low-moderate intensity resistance training programme |
Alberti et al. [33] | 2013 | Longitudinal | 37 female AN inpatients (adolescents and young adults) and 57 controls | Reduced physical fitness (aerobic, musculoskeletal, flexibility and motor) before weight restoration. Re-feeding and weight restoration improved physical fitness (but not muscular endurance), but this was still lower than in controls |
Eating disorder feature | Studies (n) | First Author and Year | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Underweight | 5 | Boileau et al. [34] Cureton et al. [35] Clark et al. [36] Sherman et al. [37] Bonogofski et al. [38] | Conflicting and inconclusive results. Early studies reported that leaner individuals perform better, but this finding has not been confirmed in subsequent studies |
Excessive and compulsive exercising | 2 | Ragalin et al. [39] Armstrong et al. [40] | Overtraining is frequent in athletes and may negatively influence sport performance |
Short term dietary restriction | 3 | Ingjer et al. [41] Johnson et al. [42] Fogelholm et al. [43] | Transitory improvement of sport performance due to early starvation effects, with increased cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and VO2 |
Long term dietary restriction | 1 | Beals et al. [44] | Deterioration of sport performance due to glycogen depletion, increase in circulatory lactate, dehydration and loss of lean mass |
Binge eating | 1 | Rankin et al. [45] | Inconclusive results, but binge eating seems to negatively influence sport performance if associated with excessive weight gain |
Purging | 3 | Eichner et al. [46] Otis et al. [47] Thompson et al. [48] | Negative effect on sport performance through negative caloric balance, dehydration and hypokalaemia |
Author * | Fohlin [20] | Fohlin [21] | Nudel [22] | Einerson [23] | Waller [24] | Riguad [25] | McLoughlin [26] | Biadi [27] | Rowland [28] | Chantler [29] | Fontana [30] | Bratland-S [31] | Del Valle [32] | Alberti [33] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case series collected in more than one centre, i.e., multi-centre study | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Is the hypothesis/aim/objective of the study clearly described? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Are the inclusion and exclusion criteria (case definition) clearly reported? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Is there a clear definition of the outcomes reported? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Were data collected prospectively? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Is there an explicit statement that patients were recruited consecutively? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Are the main findings of the study clearly described? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Are outcomes stratified? (e.g., by disease stage, abnormal test results, patient characteristics) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Total Score | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
Author * | Boileau [34] | Cureton [35] | Clark [36] | Armstrong [40] | Johnson [42] | Fogelholm [43] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case series collected in more than one centre, i.e., multi-centre study | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Is the hypothesis/aim/objective of the study clearly described? | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Are the inclusion and exclusion criteria (case definition) clearly reported? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Is there a clear definition of the outcomes reported? | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Were data collected prospectively? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Is there an explicit statement that patients were recruited consecutively? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Are the main findings of the study clearly described? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Are outcomes stratified? (e.g., by disease stage, abnormal test results, patient characteristics) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Total Score | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 5 |
4.1. Eating Disorders and Physical Fitness
4.2. Eating Disorders and Sport Performance
4.2.1. Underweight and Sport Performance
4.2.2. Excessive Compulsive Exercise and Sport Performance
4.2.3. Dietary Restriction and Sport Performance
4.2.4. Binge Eating and Purging and Sport Performance
5. Discussion
5.1. Summary of Evidence and Limitations
5.2. Implications for Future Research
6. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interests
References
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El Ghoch, M.; Soave, F.; Calugi, S.; Dalle Grave, R. Eating Disorders, Physical Fitness and Sport Performance: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2013, 5, 5140-5160. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5125140
El Ghoch M, Soave F, Calugi S, Dalle Grave R. Eating Disorders, Physical Fitness and Sport Performance: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2013; 5(12):5140-5160. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5125140
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl Ghoch, Marwan, Fabio Soave, Simona Calugi, and Riccardo Dalle Grave. 2013. "Eating Disorders, Physical Fitness and Sport Performance: A Systematic Review" Nutrients 5, no. 12: 5140-5160. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5125140