The Role of Vitamin B Complex in Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review Examining Supplementation Outcomes, Age Differences in Children and Adults, and Aesthetic Changes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria and Information Sources
2.2. Search Strategy and Study Selection
2.3. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
2.4. Data Synthesis and Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Summary of Evidence
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study (Author, Year) | Country | Population | Study Design | Sample Size | Vitamin B(s) Studied | Periodontal Assessment | Risk-of-Bias Assessment (NOS Score, Key Notes) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yu et al. (2007) [21] | United States | Older adults (≥60 years) | Cross-sectional (NHANES) | 844 | Folate (Serum Levels) | Clinical exam (CAL, PD) | High quality (8 stars); well-adjusted for confounders like age and smoking |
Hosoda et al. (2021) [22] | Japan | Young adult women (~20 y) | Cross-sectional | 120 | B vitamins from dietary intake | CPI (Codes 0–4) | Moderate quality (5 stars); limited by smaller sample size and narrower demographic |
Luo et al. (2024) [23] | China | Adults ≥ 30 years | Cross-sectional (NHANES) | 6415 | B1, B2, B6, folate, B12 intake | CAL, PD, self-report | High quality (9 stars); extensive sample and robust confounder adjustments |
Li et al. (2022) [24] | United States | Adults (NHANES 2009–2014) | Cross-sectional | 8959 | B vitamins (intake, dose–response) | Clinical PD categories (mild–severe) | High quality (7 stars); comprehensive dose–response analysis |
Watson et al. (2022) [25] | United Kingdom | Middle-aged/older adults | Cohort (UK Biobank) | 9476 | B6, B12, folate, others included | Self-reported PD risk (questionnaire) | High quality (8 stars); large cohort, diverse metrics |
Study | Mean Age (Years) | Female (%) | Smoking (%) | Diabetes (%) | BMI (Mean/Range) | Covariates Adjusted |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yu et al. [21] | 70.6 | 49.6 | 12.6 | 16.8 | 27.0 (avg BF 5.2%) | Age, sex, race, BMI, vit B12, etc. |
Hosoda et al. [22] | 20.4 | 100 | 0 | 0 | ~20.3 | Age, BMI, chewing difficulty, etc. |
Luo et al. [23] | 52.9 | 51.3 | 26.7 | 10 | 29.5 | Age, sex, race, edentulism, etc. |
Li et al. [24] | 52.4 | 48.8 | 17.8 | 15.6 | 29.5 | Age, gender, smoke, hypertension |
Watson et al. [25] | 56.2 | 57.2 | 6.6 | NR | 26.8 | Age, diabetes, BMI, smoke, alcohol |
Study | Vitamin B Measurement | Outcome Definition | Key Vitamin B Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Yu et al. [21] | Serum folate (ng/mL) via RIA kit | PD: ≥5 mm at ≥1 site, CAL ≥3 mm at ≥1 site | Lower serum folate correlated with increased PD; each SD increase in folate reduced risk by ~26% |
Hosoda et al. [22] | Dietary B intake from DHQ (mg/day) | CPI ≥ Code 3 for PD classification | Lower B vitamin (esp. B2, B6) associated with deeper pockets and higher CPI codes |
Luo et al. [23] | Self-reported B1, B2, B6, folate, B12 intake | CAL, PD, and self-report PD severity (mild–severe) | Inadequate B1, B2, and B12 linked to higher PD risk; adequate B2 protective. |
Li et al. [24] | 24 h recall + supplement dose–response | PD categories: mild, moderate, severe | Demonstrated threshold effects for folate, B1, B2, and B12; excessive intake not beneficial. |
Study | Main Statistical Model | Confounders Controlled | Risk Estimate (95% CI) for Key B Vitamin(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Yu et al. [21] | Multivariable logistic regression | Age, sex, race, BMI, B12, homocysteine | OR~0.74 (0.58–0.93) per SD increase in serum folate |
Hosoda et al. [22] | Multiple regression after 2-step screening | BMI, chewing difficulty, snack intake | B2 p < 0.05, B6 p < 0.01 for higher CPI code |
Luo et al. [23] | Ordinal regression for PD severity | Smoking, hypertension, diabetes | Inadequate B1 OR 1.33, p < 0.05; B2 protective (OR 0.90) |
Li et al. [24] | RCS (restricted cubic spline) dose–response | Age, sex, race, smoking, BMI | Nonlinear thresholds for B1, folate; up to ~30% risk reduction |
Watson et al. [25] | Logistic regression on “nutrient-based pattern” | Diabetes, BMI, smoking, alcohol | Q4 vs. Q1: OR ~0.76 (0.65–0.90) for high B6/folate pattern |
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Buzatu, R.; Luca, M.M.; Bumbu, B.A. The Role of Vitamin B Complex in Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review Examining Supplementation Outcomes, Age Differences in Children and Adults, and Aesthetic Changes. Nutrients 2025, 17, 1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071166
Buzatu R, Luca MM, Bumbu BA. The Role of Vitamin B Complex in Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review Examining Supplementation Outcomes, Age Differences in Children and Adults, and Aesthetic Changes. Nutrients. 2025; 17(7):1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071166
Chicago/Turabian StyleBuzatu, Roxana, Magda Mihaela Luca, and Bogdan Andrei Bumbu. 2025. "The Role of Vitamin B Complex in Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review Examining Supplementation Outcomes, Age Differences in Children and Adults, and Aesthetic Changes" Nutrients 17, no. 7: 1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071166
APA StyleBuzatu, R., Luca, M. M., & Bumbu, B. A. (2025). The Role of Vitamin B Complex in Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review Examining Supplementation Outcomes, Age Differences in Children and Adults, and Aesthetic Changes. Nutrients, 17(7), 1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071166