Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the Offspring of Women with Vitamin D Deficiency and Women Who Received Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria, Information Sources, and Search Strategy
2.2. Study Selection
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Assessment of Risk of Bias
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Antenatal maternal Vitamin D levels | ||||||
Year; Author | Study type | Patient number | Timing | Outcome | Outcome measures | Assessment scale |
2024; Gao [14] | Prospective | 746 mother–child pairs | second trimester | 24 months | Cognitive, Language, Motor | BSID-III |
2024; Shekhawat [15] | Prospective | 175 mother–child pairs | Intrapartum period (36.02–40.4 weeks of gestation | 6 and 9 months of age | cognitive, motor, language and social-emotional | BSID-III |
2024; Thinggaard [16] | Prospective | 944 mother–child pairs | GA < 20 weeks, GA ≥ 20 weeks and umbilical cord at delivery | 5 years | ADHD symptoms (emotional, behavioral and social problems) | CBCL/1½-5 |
2023; Zhang [17] | Prospective | 649 mother–infant pairs | in three trimesters, and cord blood at delivery | 24 months | cognition, language, motor, social-emotional, and adaptive behaviour | BSID-III |
2023; Cantio [18] | Prospective | 1404 mother–child pairs | GA < 20 weeks or GA ≥ 20 weeks, from the umbilical cord | 7 years | cognitive functions | WISC-V FSIQ |
2021; Melough [19] | Prospective | 1019 eligible dyads | 16 and 28 weeks | 4–6 Years | IQ (Neurocognitive Development) | SB5 VIQ NVIQ FSIQ |
2020; Voltas [29] | Randomized | 422 mother–infant pairs | 12th and 36th weeks of gestation | 0 to 42 months | -cognitive, language, and motor skills | BSID-III |
2020; Dhamayanti [20] | Prospective | 141 mother–infant pairs | 10 and 14 weeks of gestational age | 3, 6 and 12 months | gross motor, fine motor, communication, problem solving and personal–social domains | ASQ-3 |
2020; Windham [21] | Retrospective | 534 ASD, 181 ID, 421 controls | mid-pregnancy | n/a | Autism or low IQ | -DSM-IV-TR -composite developmental/cognitive score < 70 |
2019; Sudfeld [22] | Prospective | 257 HIV–infected mothers and their HIV–exposed uninfected infants | Third trimester | 12 months +/− 3 months | neurodevelopment (cognitive, motor, and language) | BSID-III |
2018; Chi [23] | Prospective | 160 mother–child pairs | Over 28 weeks | 6 months | -cognitive, motor, and language -socioemotional and adaptive behavior scores | -BSID-III -MDI -PDI |
2017; Darling [24] | Prospective | 7065 mother–child pairs | During pregnancy (Mean 23.4 weeks) | 6 months–9 years | -behavioral development (81 months of age) -IQ (8 years of age) | -SDQ -Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children |
2017; Laird [25] | Prospective | 202 healthy pregnant women | One day after delivery | 5 years | birth weight and head circumference, neurocognitive function | FT, PLS-TL, PLS-VA, PLS-AC, WJSAT, CBCL, KBIT-VK, KBIT-M |
2012; Whitehouse [26] | Prospective | 743 women | 18 weeks | 2-, 5-, 8-, 10-, 14-, 17-years | neurodevelopment behavioral, emotional, and language | CBCL |
2008; Gale [4] | Prospective | 596 women | Third trimester | 9 months, 9 years | -Cognitive function -Psychological health | -WASI -SDQ |
Vitamin D supplementation | ||||||
2023; Rodgers [30] | Randomized | 350 women | From 12–16 weeks of gestation until delivery | 3–5 years | language, motor, and academic | Brigance Screen II |
2023; Vestergaard [31] | Randomized | 70 pregnancies | late first trimester to delivery | time of delivery | genes involved in pathways linked to autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, schizophrenia | next-generation RNA sequencing |
2020; Sass [9] | Randomized | 623 women | From 24 weeks until 1 week postpartum | 6 years | -Cognitive at 2.5 y.o. -motor milestone achievement -language at age 3 y.o. -emotional/behavioural at 6 y.o. | BSID-III, Denver Developmental Index, WHO milestone registration, MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories, ASQ, SDQ |
Fetal Vitamin D and neurodevelopment | ||||||
2018; Wang [27] | Prospective | 1244 infants | At delivery | 6 months, 1 and 2 years | communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem-solving skills, and personal social) | ASQ |
2017; Gould [32] | Randomized | 337 infants | At delivery | −18 months −4 years | cognitive, language and motor | -BSID-III -DAS II and CELF-P2 |
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Varthaliti, A.; Rodolaki, K.; Lygizos, V.; Vlachos, D.E.; Thomakos, N.; Sioutis, D.; Daskalakis, G.; Pergialiotis, V. Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the Offspring of Women with Vitamin D Deficiency and Women Who Received Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy. Nutrients 2025, 17, 978. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17060978
Varthaliti A, Rodolaki K, Lygizos V, Vlachos DE, Thomakos N, Sioutis D, Daskalakis G, Pergialiotis V. Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the Offspring of Women with Vitamin D Deficiency and Women Who Received Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy. Nutrients. 2025; 17(6):978. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17060978
Chicago/Turabian StyleVarthaliti, Antonia, Kalliopi Rodolaki, Vasilios Lygizos, Dimitrios Efthymios Vlachos, Nikolaos Thomakos, Dimos Sioutis, George Daskalakis, and Vasilios Pergialiotis. 2025. "Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the Offspring of Women with Vitamin D Deficiency and Women Who Received Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy" Nutrients 17, no. 6: 978. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17060978
APA StyleVarthaliti, A., Rodolaki, K., Lygizos, V., Vlachos, D. E., Thomakos, N., Sioutis, D., Daskalakis, G., & Pergialiotis, V. (2025). Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the Offspring of Women with Vitamin D Deficiency and Women Who Received Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy. Nutrients, 17(6), 978. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17060978