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Article

Trend and Burden of Vitamin A Deficiency in 1990–2021 and Projection to 2050: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

1
Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
2
School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
3
School of Health Science and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
4
Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
5
Data Science Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030572
Submission received: 13 January 2025 / Revised: 2 February 2025 / Accepted: 3 February 2025 / Published: 4 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

Abstract

:
Background/Objectives: In this study, we aim to provide an update on the global, regional, and national trends in VAD-associated mortality and morbidity for children under 20 years of age, across different age groups and sociodemographic backgrounds, to identify populations at risk that require further attention. Methods: Data from the Global Disease of Burden study were analysed to determine the temporal trends in VAD mortalities and VAD disease burden through disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and Years Lived with Disability (YLD). Data on children under 20 years of age from 1990 to 2021 from 204 countries and territories were included for analysis. The Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC) was used to show a temporal trend over a 30-year period. Results: Global VAD-associated mortality has decreased significantly, with an AAPC of −0.91 (95% CI= −0.95 to −0.85). No significant improvements in VAD morbidities were identified across Sub-Saharan African regions. In Central Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of VAD-associated disabilities increased from 70,032.12 to 73,534.15. Significant heterogeneity in changes in VAD morbidities were also identified across different countries. The highest age-standardized rate (ASR) of VAD YLD was 282.36 in Somalia, while countries with high sociodemographic indices had an ASR of 0. Conclusions: Significant global improvements in VAD mortalities indicate the efficacy of wide-scale high-dose vitamin A supplementation for children under 5 years of age. However, the lack of improvements in VAD morbidities in low-SDI countries highlights the need to continue crucial high-dose vitamin A supplementation and to implement additional vitamin A supplementation programs.

1. Introduction

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a critical public health problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) that significantly increases the risk of morbidity and premature mortality for children under 5 years of age [1]. Amongst different micronutrient deficiencies, VAD remains one of the greatest contributors regarding disease burden to the global under-5 mortality rate, serving as one of the four major global nutritional deficiencies [2,3]. Due to the effects of vitamin A on immune function, VAD has been associated with an increased risk in mortality for measles, diarrhoea, and other illnesses in children [4]. Furthermore, VAD is a major cause of xerophthalmia, leading to night blindness and permanent blindness [4]. The global prevalence of VAD among children is estimated to be 29%, with higher rates in Sub-Saharan Africa (49%) and South Asia (44%) [1].
Given the high prevalence of VAD in LMICs and its impacts on child mortality and morbidity, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended high-dose vitamin A supplementation for children residing in areas where VAD is a public health problem. The current recommended vitamin A supplementation regime advises 30 mg retinol equivalent doses for children aged 6 to 11 months and 60 mg for those aged 12 to 59 months, administered at least twice a year [5]. The current high-dose vitamin A supplementation programs are focused on enhancing immune function to mitigate major causes of under-5 mortalities. However, the current supplementation regimes are unable to maintain optimal levels of vitamin A in populations with low dietary intake [6,7]. Previous studies have indicated that while high-dose vitamin A supplementation is effective in enhancing immunity to reduce VAD-associated infectious mortalities, improvements in vitamin A status only last for up to 3 months in children with low dietary intake [7]. Thus, ongoing supplementation and additional interventions are necessary to protect against VAD-associated morbidities [4,6,7].
Following the WHO’s recommendations, global initiatives and national policies have been implemented to address VAD. With dedicated global efforts, cause-specific child mortalities associated with VAD have been significantly lowered [1]. In particular, child mortalities pertaining to diarrhoea and measles have decreased worldwide due to significant improvements in VAD treatment regimes [2]. From 1991 to 2013, the global prevalence of VAD decreased from 39% to 29% [1]. However, the prevalence of VAD remains high in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, affecting nearly half of the children in these areas. This highlights the need to maintain large-scale implementation of high-dose vitamin A supplementation while improving daily nutrition for children, as dietary intakes in LMICs remain inadequate [2].
The most recent analysis of global and national trends regarding VAD is based on data collected in 2013 [1]. This highlights the need for an updated analysis on changes in the past 10 years in order to assess the efficacy of current vitamin A supplementation programs and identify nations and regions that require further attention. Previous studies have estimated the prevalence of VAD and VAD-associated mortality [1,2]. In contrast, trends in VAD morbidity have been less explored, with the corresponding studies being limited to night blindness. Although large-scale vitamin A supplementation programs have been implemented in many LMICs, consistent high-dose supplementation for children aged 12 to 59 months is difficult to achieve. Thus, addressing the trend in VAD-associated morbidities is critical to ensure healthy child development. In this study, we aim to provide an update on the global, regional, and national trends in VAD-associated mortality and morbidity for children under 20 years of age across different age groups and SDI backgrounds to identify populations at risk that require further attention.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Data Source

Data from the 2021 GBD study that modelled nonfatal disease burden using Dismod-MR version 2.1 were used for analysis in this study. We analysed VAD mortalities and VAD disease burden through disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and Years Lived With Disability (YLD). Data on children under 20 years of age from 1990 to 2021 from 204 countries and territories were included for analysis. Countries were further classified into 5 groups based on sociodemographic index (SDI) and 21 GBD regions according to geographical contiguity. Children were further divided by age group. We focused on analysing results for children under 5 years of age as they are most vulnerable to VAD-associated mortalities. Furthermore, WHO-recommended bi-annual high-dose vitamin A supplementation programs are also targeted at children under 5 years of age.

2.2. SDI

Sociodemographic index (SDI) is a summary score that measures a country’s social and economic development. The SDI score is calculated based on a nation’s economy as measured by lag-distributed income (LDI) per capita, mean education for those 15 and older, and total under 25 fertility rates of nations. This index has been used in GBD studies, as factors assessed to determine SDI strongly correlate with health outcomes. Countries included in this study are classified into one of five categories based on their SDI scores—high, high-middle, middle, low-middle, and low.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

To determine the temporal trend of VAD disease burden and mortality for children and adolescents, the Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC) was calculated. The AAPC is a suitable summary measure that has been used to determine epidemiological trends in child mortality and morbidity [8,9]. Vitamin-A-deficiency-related DALYs, YLD, and mortality numbers and rates per 100,000 persons across 5 age groups (<5 years, 5 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years, 15 to 19 years, and <20 years) were used to calculate AAPC. For national results, age-standardized rates per 100,000 persons were used for AAPC calculations. The AAPC was used to show a temporal trend over a 30-year period. A positive result indicates an increasing trend in disease burden and mortality, and a negative AAPC indicates a decreasing or improving trend in disease burden and mortality. Level of statistical significance was measured using 95% confidence interval (CI), indicating the stability of the trend.

3. Results

3.1. Global

Significant reductions in VAD mortality, DALYs, and YLD were found from 1990 to 2021 (Figure 1, Table 1). Global under-20 VAD-associated mortality decreased from 207,555.22 to 17,374.40, with an AAPC of −0.91 (95% CI = −0.95 to −0.85). Similar reductions in under-20 VAD YLDs were identified, with a reduction from 1,153,473.83 in 1990 to 508,371.76 in 2021, with an AAPC of −0.58 (95% CI = −0.66 to −0.35). However, at older ages, VAD YLD increased from 24,647.31 to 24,613.78, with an AAPC of 0.34 (95% CI = 0.21 to 0.46).

3.2. Sociodemographic Index

When countries were divided based on their SDI scores, the most significant improvement in under-20 VAD mortality was found in high-middle SDI countries, for which this figure decreased from 2009.88 to 14.95, with an AAPC = −0.99 (95% CI = −1 to −0.98). The levels of improvement in VAD mortalities were identical in high (AAPC = −0.97, 95% CI = −0.99 to −0.89), middle (AAPC = −0.97, 95% CI = −0.99 to −0.96), and low-middle (AAPC = −0.97, 95% CI = −0.99 to −0.94) SDI countries. Significant disparities in the number of VAD-associated mortalities were identified across high- to low-SDI countries, with a more than 10-fold difference across countries with different SDI levels. The number of VAD-associated deaths was 1.14 for high-SDI countries, 14.95 for high-middle-SDI countries, 454.33 for middle-SDI countries, 2604.91 for high-middle-SDI countries, and 14,285.59 for low-SDI countries.
However, the results differed for disease burden. The greatest improvement in under-5 VAD YLD was identified in high-SDI countries, with a decrease from 3037.75 to 665.1 (AAPC = −0.84, 95% CI = −0.88 to −0.80). Similar levels of improvement were found across high-middle (AAPC = −0.75, 95% CI = −0.82 to −0.66), middle- (AAPC = −0.78, 95% CI = −0.83 to −0.64), and low-middle (AAPC = −0.71, 95% CI = −0.77 to −0.56)-SDI countries. In contrast, although the number of under-20 VAD-associated disabilities decreased in countries with low SDI scores from 656,073.38 to 555,757.69, the AAPC calculations showed no significant improvements in VAD-associated disabilities (AAPC = −0.26, 95% CI = −0.4 to 0.22).

3.3. Regional

Geographical-region trends in VAD are presented in Table 2 and Figure 2. All geographical regions showed significant improvements in the number and rate of VAD-associated mortalities for children under 5 and 20 years of age. Latin American regions, Southeast Asia, and East Asia showed the most significant improvement in VAD mortalities from 1990 to 2021. In the Latin American regions, the number of VAD-associated mortalities decreased from 1217.69 to 48.44 in Central Latin America (AAPC = −0.97, 95% CI = −0.99 to −0.97) and 261.44 to 8.12 in Andean Latin America (AAPC = −0.97, 95% CI = −0.98 to −0.96).
Although significant improvements were made from 1990 to 2021, the number of VAD-associated mortalities remained the highest in Sub-Saharan African regions and South Asia. In Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of VAD-associated mortalities decreased from 42,015.64 to 5994.17, with an AAPC of −0.84 (95% CI = −0.94 to −0.71). In Western Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of VAD-associated mortalities decreased from 50,678.07 to 6995.06, with an AAPC of −0.83 (95% CI = −0.96 to −0.62). In South Asia, the number of VAD-associated mortalities decreased from 64,647.38 to 1822.22 (AAPC = −0.97, 95% CI = −1 to −0.95).
Compared to those for VAD-associated mortalities, improvements were more modest in the burden of VAD as measured by YLD. In some age groups and regions, increased burdens of VAD-associated disabilities were identified. Although fewer VAD-associated disabilities were identified in the Caribbean region, i.e., from 6893.2 in 1990 to 6021.77 in 2021, the AAPC (−0.27) did not reach the level of statistical significance (95% CI = −0.5 to 0.12). Similarly, no significant improvements in VAD-associated disabilities were identified in Sub-Saharan African regions, as the AAPCs calculated for Central, Western, and Eastern Sub-Saharan African regions did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the burden of VAD-associated disabilities remained the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa regions in 2021. In Central Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of VAD-associated disabilities increased from 70,032.12 to 73,534.15, with an AAPC of 0.19 (95% CI = −0.09 to 0.76). In Western Sub-Saharan African regions, the number of VAD-associated disabilities increased from 243,082.37 to 244,619.34 (AAPC= 0.04, 95% CI = −0.12 to 0.42). In Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of VAD YLD decreased from 232,549.3 to 188,729.33 (AAPC = −0.23, 95% CI = −0.37 to 0.06).
Figure 1. Regional vitamin A AAPC (A) DALYs, (B) mortalities, and (C) YLD from 1990 to 2021.
Figure 1. Regional vitamin A AAPC (A) DALYs, (B) mortalities, and (C) YLD from 1990 to 2021.
Nutrients 17 00572 g001

3.4. National

Unlike the global and regional results, the national VAD results were age-standardized and included both children and adolescents under 20 years of age (Figure 2, Table 3). Similar to the regional results, countries in the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan had higher values.
The African region had the highest age-standardized rate of VAD-associated mortalities and morbidities in 2021. The nations with the highest age-standardized VAD mortality rates per 100,000 children in 2021 were Burkina Faso (3.16), Central African Republic (4.09), Chad (10.41), Guinea-Bissau (4.14), Mali (5.22), Somalia (21.72), South Sudan (6.51), and Zimbabwe (3.24). In contrast, high-income countries in North America and Europe had rates close to or equal to 0, including Romania (0.02), Italy (0), Hungary (0.03), France (0), Sweden (0), and the United States of America (0).
Similarly, the highest age-standardized rates of VAD YLD in 2021 for children under 20 were also identified in Sub-Saharan African and Caribbean regions. Age-standardized rates were calculated per 100,000 children under 20 years of age. The highest age-standardized rate of VAD YLD was recorded in countries such as Benin (120.89), Burkina Faso (134.74), Central African Republic (167.17), Chad (190.30), Gambia (114.60), Guinea (116.70), Niger (245.18), Somalia (282.36), and South Sudan (131.13).
Figure 2. Age-standardized rate of global (A) DALYs, (B) mortalities, and (C) YLD for vitamin A deficiency.
Figure 2. Age-standardized rate of global (A) DALYs, (B) mortalities, and (C) YLD for vitamin A deficiency.
Nutrients 17 00572 g002

4. Discussion

This study reveals significant improvements in VAD-associated mortality across countries of all levels of SDI from 1990 to 2021. Among them, high- to low-middle-SDI countries had more pronounced improvements compared to countries with low SDI scores. Furthermore, countries with low SDI scores showed no significant improvement in VAD-associated disabilities, as measured by YLD. The differences in the improvements in VAD-associated disabilities across different regions further indicate inequalities in malnutrition. While countries in the Latin America and Southeast Asia region showed significant improvements in VAD-associated mortalities and disabilities, countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean region showed no significant improvements in VAD burden.
The observed disparities in improvements among countries of varying SDI scores align with global inequalities in VAD prevalence and vitamin A supplementation. Previous meta-analyses have identified a significantly higher prevalence of VAD in low-SDI regions, while 41.21% of LMICs were classified as areas of moderate to severe VAD public health significance [10]. To address deficiencies in LMICs, vitamin A supplementation has been recommended and implemented globally by the WHO. Improvements in VAD-associated mortality support findings from previous studies that indicated the need to continue vitamin A supplementation and called for more research before the phase-out of vitamin A supplementation programs [11,12]. Previous meta-analyses have identified wide-scale high-dose vitamin A supplementation programs as a major contributor to large reductions in mortality, morbidity, and vision problems in LMICs [12]. Malnutrition due to a low intake of eggs, dairy, or other animal products exacerbate the risk of VAD in children from LMICs [13]. The chronic VAD in these populations suggests that vitamin A supplementation is crucial to avoid mortalities associated with VAD and lower the risk of infection while reducing the severity of infection, improving both morbidity and mortality [2].
The disproportionately higher prevalence of VAD further contributes to the greater burden of associated morbidities in low-income and low-SDI regions [10]. This study has identified significant reductions in VAD mortalities in low-SDI regions, with a lack of improvement in VAD morbidity and associated disabilities. Similarly, on a national level, the highest age-standardized rates of VAD-associated mortality and disability were identified in low-income countries within the Sub-Saharan Africa and Caribbean regions. Although significant improvements in VAD mortalities have been identified in low-SDI regions, the number of deaths remained much higher, at 14,285.59, compared to countries with high (1.14), high-middle (14.95), middle (454.33), and low-middle (2604.91) SDI scores. The significant disparity in VAD-associated mortalities indicates inequalities in terms of malnutrition and the importance of ensuring optimal and sustained vitamin A supplementation for children in low-SDI countries to avoid premature deaths associated with VAD. Currently, the WHO recommends bi-annual vitamin A supplementation for all children under 5 in VAD-endemic regions. However, the coverage of vitamin A supplementation remains suboptimal [14]. This fact aligns with the results of the current study, wherein we found there was a high number of VAD-associated mortalities in low-SDI countries in 2021, suggesting that optimal and sustained vitamin A supplementation is difficult to achieve in these countries, a result consistent with previous findings [10]. When countries are grouped based on geographical regions, countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean region appeared to have the greatest age-standardized rates of VAD mortality and disability. This is supported by previous studies that have found suboptimal routine delivery (<50%) for vitamin A supplementation in Sub-Saharan African countries, where vitamin A supplementation programs have not achieved the level of coverage (80%) required for a significant public health impact [15]. Due to the chronic malnutrition in low-SDI countries, vitamin A supplementation may act as a life-saving intervention that can help mitigate VAD-associated mortality for children under 5 years of age with conditions such as diarrhoea and measles [6]. More importantly, malabsorption or loss of vitamin A due to disease in LMICs with poor sanitation and endemic infectious diseases further contribute to the higher burden of VAD-associated mortalities [16]. Thus, a multifaceted approach is required to improve sanitation and vitamin A supplementation coverage.
A greater focus on nation-specific risk factors for VAD and obstacles in vitamin A supplementation is also required to address the significant heterogeneity in the improvements in national VAD mortality and morbidity to achieve high coverage of vitamin A supplementation. One of the nation-specific barriers identified in previous studies is the circulation of false vitamin A capsules with insufficient doses within Sub-Saharan Africa regions [17,18]. In the Caribbean region, previous studies have identified difficulties in reaching disadvantaged and vulnerable groups as the main reason for the high levels of VAD observed [19]. Across both Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean, problems regarding the storage of vitamin A and the lack of access to medical services for treating infections have been identified as contributing factors for VAD and poor vitamin A supplementation coverage [16,18,19]. The adequate storage of vitamin A drugs away from heat is critical to improve drug half-lives and ensure optimal vitamin A supplementation [20].
In addition to using high-dose vitamin A supplementation to reduce VAD-associated premature mortality, efforts are also required to address chronic malnutrition in LMICs to avoid VAD-associated disabilities. In the current study, while significant reductions in VAD-associated mortalities were found across all regions, most Sub-Saharan African regions showed no significant improvements in VAD-associated morbidities and disabilities. While bi-annual high-dose vitamin A supplementation may serve as a critical intervention for children under 5 years of age, for children with a low dietary intake of vitamin A, high-dose vitamin A supplementation can only improve their vitamin A statuses for up to 3 months [7]. Thus, complementary vitamin A supplementation programs such as vitamin-A-fortified food production regimes are needed to maintain adequate vitamin A levels [21]. In Sub-Saharan African regions, the introduction of orange-fleshed sweet potatoes rich in vitamin A has been widely promoted [22]. However, coverage and household nutritional knowledge regarding the importance of consuming vitamin-A-rich foods have hindered the efforts to spread vitamin-A-fortified sweet potatoes across Sub-Saharan Africa [22]. Thus, policies that aim to improve household nutritional knowledge and expand the coverage of vitamin-A-fortified foods are required to effectively reduce the burden of vitamin A deficiency.

5. Conclusions

Significant improvements in VAD-associated mortalities have been identified across all regions and most nations, indicating the efficacy of wide-scale high-dose vitamin A supplementation for children under 5 years of age. However, the significant heterogeneity in national improvements highlights the need for more attention to be directed towards addressing nation-specific barriers that hinder optimal vitamin A supplementation in order to achieve universal vitamin A supplementation in LMICs. The need to continue crucial high-dose vitamin A supplementation has also been revealed, especially in low-SDI countries where VAD is endemic. Furthermore, Sub-Saharan Africa and countries with low SDIs showed no significant improvements in VAD morbidities. The lack of improvement in VAD morbidities in the last 30 years in vulnerable populations suggests the need to implement additional vitamin A supplementation programs to support children with suboptimal vitamin A intakes in order to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, K.L. and J.S.; methodology, K.L. and J.S.; formal analysis, K.L. and J.S.; investigation, K.L. and J.S.; resources, J.S.; data curation, J.S.; writing—original draft preparation, K.L.; writing—review and editing, Y.Q. and J.S.; visualization, J.S.; supervision, J.S.; project administration, J.S.; funding acquisition, J.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This project is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Institutional Review Board Statement

This study draws on global, regional, and national data collected in the GBD study. Thus, no further ethics approval was required, as this study does not involve data collection, experimentation, or investigation regarding human subjects. Access to this dataset has been granted to all authors and collaborators in this study.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data analysed will be made available upon making a reasonable request to the corresponding authors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:
LMICsLow-to-middle income countries
VADVitamin A deficiency
WHOWorld Health Organization
DALYsDisability-adjusted life years
YLDsYears Lost to Disability
AAPCAverage Annual Percentage Change
ASRAge-standardized rate
SDISociodemographic index score
LDILag-distributed income
CIConfidence interval

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Table 1. Vitamin A deficiency DALYs, mortality, and YLD across different SDI levels.
Table 1. Vitamin A deficiency DALYs, mortality, and YLD across different SDI levels.
19902021AAPC19902021AAPC
RateRate NumberNumber
DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years)
Global<5 years3035.82310.85 −0.89 (−1.01, −0.75)19,189,930.76 2,045,896.83 −0.89 (−1.02, −0.73)
Global5–9 years89.78 41.51 −0.53 (−0.61, −0.41)525,363.08 285,213.87 −0.45 (−0.55, −0.31)
Global10–14 years55.5 27.54 −0.51 (−0.6, −0.41)297,887.34 183,619.2 −0.39 (−0.51, −0.26)
Global15–19 years4.55 3.94 0.11 (0, 0.22)23,647.3124,613.78 0.34 (0.21, 0.46)
Global<20 years881.29 96.34 −0.88 (−1.08, −0.6)2,003,6828.5 2,539,343.67 −0.86 (−1.09, −0.53)
GlobalAge-standardized783.77 98.38 ----
High SDI<5 years22.66 1.42 −0.88 (−1.26, −0.42)13,060.2 767.16 −0.89 (−1.23, −0.49)
High SDI5–9 years3.32 0.81 −0.82 (−0.89, −0.72)1921.13 475.09 −0.83 (−0.89, −0.74)
High SDI10–14 years1.43 0.49 −0.8 (−0.88, −0.69)819.46 294.22 −0.81 (−0.88, −0.7)
High SDI15–19 years0.04 0.08 0.18 (−0.1, 0.55)22.08 47.51 0.08 (−0.18, 0.42)
High SDI<20 years6.76 0.68 −0.85 (−0.91, −0.6)15,822.87 1583.98 −0.86 (−0.92, −0.63)
High SDIAge-standardized4.81 0.70 ----
High-middle SDI<5 years218.74 12.43 −0.93 (−1.35, −0.46)228,598.89 8704.19 −0.95 (−1.27, −0.59)
High-middle SDI5–9 years25.99 6.13 −0.73 (−0.8, −0.63)26,205.71 5049.85 −0.75 (−0.82, −0.66)
High-middle SDI10–14 years15.37 3.9 −0.71 (−0.79, −0.59)15,097.94 3055.52 −0.75 (−0.81, −0.65)
High-middle SDI15–19 years1.69 1.39 0.22 (0.01, 0.47)1715.03 1009.01 −0.08 (−0.24, 0.1)
High-middle SDI<20 years67.02 5.87 −0.9 (−1.82, −0.38)271,617.57 17,818.57 −0.92 (−1.68, −0.49)
High-middle SDIAge-standardized58.71 6.02 ----
Middle SDI<5 years927.58 51.41 −0.94 (−1.25, −0.83)1,899,988.42 90,794.97 −0.95 (−1.22, −0.85)
Middle SDI5–9 years59.39 17.06 −0.68 (−0.76, −0.57)115,182.08 33,628.33 −0.68 (−0.76, −0.56)
Middle SDI10–14 years33.95 10.67 −0.67 (−0.75, −0.56)619,95.21 20,615.7 −0.65 (−0.74, −0.54)
Middle SDI15–19 years5.06 3.91 0.08 (−0.07, 0.23)9392.97 7121.89 0.05 (−0.09, 0.2)
Middle SDI<20 years272.07 20.31 −0.92 (−1.28, −0.43)2,086,558.69 152,160.89 −0.92 (−1.27, −0.44)
Middle SDIAge-standardized253.55 21.16 ----
Low-middle SDI<5 years4372.66 202.27 −0.95 (−1.06, −0.84)7,355,065.09 387,507.39 −0.95 (−1.06, −0.83)
Low-middle SDI5–9 years136.66 47.23 −0.65 (−0.75, −0.49)208,364.13 92,028.84 −0.58 (−0.7, −0.38)
Low-middle SDI10–14 years90.83 30.2 −0.67 (−0.77, −0.54)120,548.99 58,406.99 −0.55 (−0.67, −0.36)
Low-middle SDI15–19 years6.69 4.89 −0.15 (−0.26, −0.03)7835.06 9024.91 0.32 (0.15, 0.5)
Low-middle SDI<20 years1348.04 71.56 −0.94 (−1.12, −0.72)7,691,813.28 546,968.14 −0.93 (−1.16, −0.64)
Low-middle SDIAge-standardized1124.76 72.63 ----
Low SDI<5 years10028.33 940.12 −0.9 (−0.96, −0.81)9,684,889.81 1,556,610.34 −0.82 (−0.92, −0.65)
Low SDI5–9 years217.54 100.22 −0.55 (−0.63, −0.45)173,434.59 153,837.9 −0.09 (−0.26, 0.11)
Low SDI10–14 years151.09 71.65 −0.56 (−0.65, −0.45)99,291.35 101,133.55 −0.01 (−0.2, 0.24)
Low SDI15–19 years8.75 5.96 −0.18 (−0.27, −0.05)4670.96 7395.1 1.02 (0.78, 1.32)
Low SDI<20 years3372.81 311.36 −0.9 (−1.01, −0.76)9,962,286.7 1,818,976.89 −0.8 (−1.02, −0.5)
Low SDIAge-standardized2593.93 285.92 ----
Deaths
Global<5 years32.83 2.64 −0.91 (−0.95, −0.86)207,555.22 17,374.4 −0.91 (−0.95, −0.85)
Global5–9 years------
Global10–14 years------
Global15–19 years------
Global<20 years9.13 0.66 −0.92 (−0.96, −0.87)207,555.22 17,374.4 −0.91 (−0.95, −0.85)
GlobalAge-standardized7.87 0.68 ----
High SDI<5 years0.2 0 −0.96 (−0.99, −0.87)115.25 1.14 −0.97 (−0.99, −0.89)
High SDI5–9 years------
High SDI10–14 years------
High SDI15–19 years------
High SDI<20 years0.05 0 −0.96 (−0.99, −0.88)115.25 1.14 −0.97 (−0.99, −0.89)
High SDIAge-standardized0.01 0.001----
High-middle SDI<5 years1.92 0.02 −0.99 (−1, −0.98)2009.88 14.95 −0.99 (−1, −0.98)
High-middle SDI5–9 years------
High-middle SDI10–14 years------
High-middle SDI15–19 years------
High-middle SDI<20 years0.5 0 −0.99 (−1, −0.98)2009.88 14.95 −0.99 (−1, −0.98)
High-middle SDIAge-standardized0.43 0.001 ----
Middle SDI<5 years9.34 0.26 −0.97 (−0.99, −0.96)19,134.99 454.33 −0.97 (−0.99, −0.96)
Middle SDI5–9 years------
Middle SDI10–14 years------
Middle SDI15–19 years------
Middle SDI<20 years2.5 0.06 −0.97 (−0.99, −0.96)19,134.99 454.33 −0.97 (−0.99, −0.96)
Middle SDIAge-standardized2.27 0.07 ----
Low-middle SDI<5 years47 1.36 −0.97 (−0.99, −0.95)79,051.76 2604.91 −0.97 (−0.99, −0.94)
Low-middle SDI5–9 years------
Low-middle SDI10–14 years------
Low-middle SDI15–19 years------
Low-middle SDI<20 years13.85 0.34 −0.97 (−0.99, −0.95)79,051.76 2604.91 −0.97 (−0.99, −0.94)
Low-middle SDIAge-standardized11.14 0.35 ----
Low SDI<5 years110.95 8.63 −0.92 (−0.97, −0.85)107,153.79 14,285.59 −0.85 (−0.94, −0.73)
Low SDI5–9 years------
Low SDI10–14 years------
Low SDI15–19 years------
Low SDI<20 years36.28 2.45 −0.93 (−0.97, −0.87)107,153.79 14,285.59 −0.85 (−0.94, −0.73)
Low SDIAge-standardized26.96 2.23 ----
YLD (Years Lived with Disability)
Global<5 years182.48 77.24 −0.6 (−0.68, −0.39)1,153,473.83 508,371.76 −0.58 (−0.66, −0.35)
Global5–9 years89.78 41.51 −0.53 (−0.61, −0.41)525,363.08 285,213.87 −0.45 (−0.55, −0.31)
Global10–14 years55.5 27.54 −0.51 (−0.6, −0.41)297,887.34 183,619.2 −0.39 (−0.51, −0.26)
Global15–19 years4.55 3.94 0.11 (0, 0.22)23,647.31 24,613.78 0.34 (0.21, 0.46)
Global<20 years87.98 38.01 −0.58 (−0.65, −0.47)2,000,371.57 1,001,818.6 −0.51 (−0.59, −0.38)
GlobalAge-standardized88.01 37.91 ----
High SDI<5 years5.27 1.24 −0.82 (−0.86, −0.77)3037.75 665.1 −0.84 (−0.88, −0.8)
High SDI5–9 years3.32 0.81 −0.82 (−0.89, −0.72)1921.13 475.09 −0.83 (−0.89, −0.74)
High SDI10–14 years1.43 0.49 −0.8 (−0.88, −0.69)819.46 294.22 −0.81 (−0.88, −0.7)
High SDI15–19 years0.04 0.08 0.18 (−0.1, 0.55)22.08 47.51 0.08 (−0.18, 0.42)
High SDI<20 years2.48 0.64 −0.81 (−0.86, −0.77)5800.42 1481.91 −0.83 (−0.87, −0.79)
High SDIAge-standardized3.54 0.65 ----
High-middle SDI<5 years51.31 10.53 −0.76 (−0.82, −0.65)53,621.55 7374.79 −0.82 (−0.86, −0.74)
High-middle SDI5–9 years25.99 6.13 −0.73 (−0.8, −0.63)26,205.71 5049.85 −0.75 (−0.82, −0.66)
High-middle SDI10–14 years15.37 3.9 −0.71 (−0.79, −0.59)15,097.94 3055.52 −0.75 (−0.81, −0.65)
High-middle SDI15–19 years1.69 1.39 0.22 (0.01, 0.47)1715.03 1009.01 −0.08 (−0.24, 0.1)
High-middle SDI<20 years23.85 5.44 −0.73 (−0.78, −0.65)96,640.24 16,489.18 −0.78 (−0.82, −0.72)
High-middle SDIAge-standardized20.56 5.53 ----
Middle SDI<5 years114.27 28.53 −0.75 (−0.81, −0.6)234,064.01 50,395.72 −0.78 (−0.83, −0.64)
Middle SDI5–9 years59.39 17.06 −0.68 (−0.76, −0.57)115,182.08 33,628.33 −0.68 (−0.76, −0.56)
Middle SDI10–14 years33.95 10.67 −0.67 (−0.75, −0.56)61,995.21 20,615.7 −0.65 (−0.74, −0.54)
Middle SDI15–19 years5.06 3.91 0.08 (−0.07, 0.23)9392.97 7121.89 0.05 (−0.09, 0.2)
Middle SDI<20 years54.85 14.92 −0.71 (−0.77, −0.63)420,634.28 111,761.64 −0.72 (−0.77, −0.64)
Middle SDIAge-standardized52.51 15.24 ----
Low-middle SDI<5 years287.47 81.55 −0.74 (−0.79, −0.6)483,542.87 156,227.62 −0.71 (−0.77, −0.56)
Low-middle SDI5–9 years136.66 47.23 −0.65 (−0.75, −0.49)208,364.13 92,028.84 −0.58 (−0.7, −0.38)
Low-middle SDI10–14 years90.83 30.2 −0.67 (−0.77, −0.54)120,548.99 58,406.99 −0.55 (−0.67, −0.36)
Low-middle SDI15–19 years6.69 4.89 −0.15 (−0.26, −0.03)7835.06 9024.91 0.32 (0.15, 0.5)
Low-middle SDI<20 years143.76 41.3 −0.73 (−0.78, −0.65)820,291.06 315,688.36 −0.64 (−0.71, −0.54)
Low-middle SDIAge-standardized139.48 41.38 ----
Low SDI<5 years392.1 177.2 −0.59 (−0.67, −0.33)378,676.48 293,391.14 −0.26 (−0.4, 0.22)
Low SDI5–9 years217.54 100.22 −0.55 (−0.63, −0.45)173,434.59 153,837.9 −0.09 (−0.26, 0.11)
Low SDI10–14 years151.09 71.65 −0.56 (−0.65, −0.45)99,291.35 101,133.55 −0.01 (−0.2, 0.24)
Low SDI15–19 years8.75 5.96 −0.18 (−0.27, −0.05)4670.96 7395.1 1.02 (0.78, 1.32)
Low SDI<20 years222.12 95.13 −0.6 (−0.66, −0.49)656,073.38 555,757.69 −0.17 (−0.3, 0.06)
Low SDIAge-standardized212.20 89.46 ----
Table 2. Vitamin A deficiency DALYs, mortality, and YLD across different geographical regions.
Table 2. Vitamin A deficiency DALYs, mortality, and YLD across different geographical regions.
19902021AAPC19902021AAPC
RateRate NumberNumber
DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years)
Andean Latin America<5 years512.72 36.8 −0.94 (−1.46, −0.58)27,925.53 2265.25 −0.93 (−1.54, −0.51)
Andean Latin America5–9 years60.89 20.1 −0.63 (−0.81, −0.11)3028.29 1224.61 −0.54 (−0.76, 0.1)
Andean Latin America10–14 years33.73 10.69 −0.6 (−0.77, −0.35)1559.76 624.99 −0.5 (−0.7, −0.17)
Andean Latin America15–19 years5.77 4.44 −0.07 (−0.43, 0.56)235.99 247.59 0.26 (−0.23, 1.13)
Andean Latin America<20 years171.14 18.43 −0.9 (−1.51, 0.12)32,749.57 4362.43 −0.87 (−1.64, 0.4)
Andean Latin AmericaAge-standardized171.56 18.144 ----
Australasia<5 years0.68 0.1−0.74 (−0.89, −0.39)10.52 1.8 −0.69 (−0.87, −0.28)
Australasia5–9 years0.36 0.05 −0.73 (−0.96, 1.19)5.47 0.92 −0.65 (−0.95, 1.8)
Australasia10–14 years0.07 0.02 −0.67 (−0.88, −0.08)1.12 0.36 −0.58 (−0.84, 0.19)
Australasia15–19 years0 0 -0 0 -
Australasia<20 years0.27 0.04 −0.72 (−0.88, −0.31)17.12 3.08 −0.67 (−0.85, −0.18)
AustralasiaAge-standardized0.16 0.04 ---
Caribbean<5 years1052.15 366.3 −0.75 (−1.05, −0.63)43,549.29 14,169.11 −0.77 (−1.04, −0.66)
Caribbean5–9 years52.06 55.14 −0.2 (−0.63,0.78)1939.76 2125.92 −0.17 (−0.62, 0.84)
Caribbean10–14 years32.51 33.94 −0.23 (−0.62, 0.79)1153.62 1283.47 −0.18 (−0.6, 0.9)
Caribbean15–19 years2.67 5.5 0.29 (−0.04, 0.73)98.14 206.66 0.32 (−0.02, 0.77)
Caribbean<20 years309.78 116.53 −0.73 (−1.28, −0.42)46,740.81 17,785.16−0.73 (−1.28, −0.42)
CaribbeanAge-standardized412.92 118.23 ----
Central Asia<5 years310.86 61.11 −0.84 (−1.81, −0.32)29,467.58 6109.18 −0.83 (−1.85, −0.29)
Central Asia5–9 years34.66 25.39 −0.55 (−0.78, −0.05)2855.12 2394.32 −0.48 (−0.74, 0.09)
Central Asia10–14 years20.79 13.5 −0.51 (−0.71, −0.19)1505.18 1114.04 −0.44 (−0.67, −0.08)
Central Asia15–19 years3.16 3.02 0.08 (−0.3, 0.77)207.95 209.53 0.14 (−0.26, 0.86)
Central Asia<20 years107.91 28.38 −0.79 (−1.5, 0.25)34,035.82 9827.06 −0.77 (−1.55, 0.37)
Central AsiaAge-standardized118.34 26.23 ----
Central Europe<5 years104.62 20.45 −0.85 (−1.62, −0.25)9346.6 1142.44 −0.91 (−1.38, −0.54)
Central Europe5–9 years34.18 10.76 −0.78 (−0.85, −0.65)3303.5 627.4 −0.87 (−0.91, −0.79)
Central Europe10–14 years18.49 7.29 −0.74 (−0.82, −0.62)1912.88 458.14 −0.84 (−0.89, −0.77)
Central Europe15–19 years0 0 -0 0 -
Central Europe<20 years37.77 9.46 −0.81 (−0.88, −0.29)14,562.97 2227.97 −0.89 (−0.93, −0.57)
Central EuropeAge-standardized53.43 9.81 ----
Central Latin America<5 years537.8 39.35 −0.95 (−1.14, −0.82)123,125.25 7904.76 −0.95 (−1.12, −0.84)
Central Latin America5–9 years45.31 11.01 −0.67 (−0.78, −0.53)9568.59 2367.41 −0.66 (−0.77, −0.52)
Central Latin America10–14 years19.79 5.43 −0.6 (−0.72, −0.44)3975.41 1188.47 −0.57 (−0.7, −0.39)
Central Latin America15–19 years5.43 2.1−0.12 (−0.26, 0.03)987.91 458.6 0.05 (−0.11, 0.23)
Central Latin America<20 years167.28 13.98 −0.94 (−1.3, −0.63)137,657.16 11,919.24 −0.93 (−1.31, −0.62)
Central Latin AmericaAge-standardized204.57 14.78 ----
Central Sub-Saharan Africa<5 years8326.26 484.01 −0.92 (−1.03, −0.86)895,069.5 101,964.93 −0.85 (−1.07, −0.72)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa5–9 years221.2 87.38 −0.45 (−0.66, −0.12)18,371.54 17,407.03 0.33 (−0.16, 1.14)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa10–14 years158 87.63 −0.44 (−0.66, −0.05)10,708.39 15,505.5 0.46 (−0.11, 1.48)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa15–19 years10.04 9.72 −0.17 (−0.4, 0.14)570.68 1446.6 1.16 (0.56, 1.98)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa<20 years2934 185.32 −0.92 (−1.14, −0.75)924,720.11 136,324.06 −0.8 (−1.34, −0.41)
Central Sub-Saharan AfricaAge-standardized1730.88 170.06 ----
East Asia<5 years366.4 11.91 −0.96 (−1.36, −0.72)439,064.34 9540.66 −0.97 (−1.25, −0.81)
East Asia5–9 years28.47 6.57 −0.76 (−0.85, −0.62)30,904.2 6461.42 −0.78 (−0.86, −0.65)
East Asia10–14 years20.65 4.54 −0.77 (−0.86, −0.61)22,008.98 4034.04 −0.81 (−0.88, −0.68)
East Asia15–19 years2.59 2.59 0.17 (−0.09, 0.5)3382.96 2009.07 −0.3 (−0.46, −0.1)
East Asia<20 years106.42 6.39 −0.93 (−1.41, −0.25)495,360.48 22,045.18 −0.94 (−1.31, −0.44)
East AsiaAge-standardized88.88 6.49 ----
Eastern Europe<5 years3.28 0.59 −0.88 (−1.44, 0.41)565.26 59.44 −0.93 (−1.26, −0.17)
Eastern Europe5–9 years1.06 0.28 −0.78 (−0.89, −0.58)188.85 36.46 −0.84 (−0.92, −0.7)
Eastern Europe10–14 years0.54 0.23 −0.76 (−0.88, −0.54)88.55 28.79 −0.82 (−0.91, −0.65)
Eastern Europe15–19 years0 0 -0 0 -
Eastern Europe<20 years1.25 0.27 −0.85 (−0.93, −0.38)842.65 124.69 −0.9 (−0.95, −0.57)
Eastern EuropeAge-standardized1.80 0.28 ----
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa<5 years10505.72 978.72 −0.9 (−0.96, −0.81)3,784,149.05 624,388.23 −0.82 (−0.93, −0.66)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa5–9 years210.32 96.66 −0.57 (−0.67, −0.45)61,639.15 57,479.34 −0.13 (−0.32, 0.11)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa10–14 years146.42 60.8 −0.59 (−0.68, −0.48)36,665.31 33,544.32 −0.1 (−0.3, 0.14)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa15–19 years8.46 6.13 −0.16 (−0.29, 0.01)1714.69 3015.42 1.04 (0.73, 1.43)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa<20 years3510.89 315.67 −0.9 (−1, −0.76)3,884,168.2 718,427.31 −0.8 (−1, −0.5)
Eastern Sub-Saharan AfricaAge-standardized2582.32 293.25 ----
High-income Asia Pacific<5 years6.12 0.77 −0.83 (−1.04, −0.63)627.68 49.64 −0.89 (−1.03, −0.77)
High-income Asia Pacific5–9 years4.21 0.2 −0.84 (−0.93, −0.59)501.23 15.36 −0.89 (−0.96, −0.73)
High-income Asia Pacific10–14 years2.42 0.15 −0.8 (−0.92, −0.51)316.52 12.07 −0.88 (−0.95, −0.7)
High-income Asia Pacific15–19 years0 0 -00 -
High-income Asia Pacific<20 years2.87 0.25 −0.82 (−0.91, −0.7)1445.43 77.06 −0.89 (−0.94, −0.81)
High-income Asia PacificAge-standardized1.66 0.29 ----
High-income North America<5 years1.53 0.32 −0.74 (−1.29, 0.26)328.98 66.17 −0.75 (−1.27, 0.19)
High-income North America5–9 years1.6 0.22 −0.7 (−0.86, −0.32)328.18 49.17 −0.68 (−0.85, −0.27)
High-income North America10–14 years0.41 0.14 −0.49 (−0.79, 0.36)78.65 31.56 −0.39 (−0.75, 0.62)
High-income North America15–19 years0 0 -0 0 -
High-income North America<20 years0.9 0.16 −0.72 (−0.82, −0.37)735.8 146.9 −0.69 (−0.8, −0.31)
High-income North AmericaAge-standardized0.58 0.17 ----
North Africa and Middle East<5 years2288.07 173.75 −0.9 (−1.07, −0.72)1,220,495.35 106,226.65 −0.88 (−1.08, −0.67)
North Africa and Middle East5–9 years53.23 19.49 −0.6 (−0.71, −0.46)25,554.22 12,318.68−0.47 (−0.61, −0.28)
North Africa and Middle East10–14 years28.22 13.17 −0.59 (−0.68, −0.47)11,958.69 7768.47 −0.42 (−0.55, −0.25)
North Africa and Middle East15–19 years3.02 4.35 0.11 (−0.14, 0.36)1103.41 2312.9 0.62 (0.26, 0.99)
North Africa and Middle East<20 years698.36 54.39 −0.9 (−1.18, −0.65)1,259,111.68 128,626.69 −0.86 (−1.24, −0.53)
North Africa and Middle EastAge-standardized474.74 54.04 ----
Oceania<5 years1785.76 327.31 −0.82 (−0.93, −0.68)17,556.94 6331.61 −0.66 (−0.87, −0.38)
Oceania5–9 years79.24 43.21 −0.41 (−0.68, 0.13)684.04 720.55 0.12 (−0.4, 1.14)
Oceania10–14 years46.49 23.56 −0.47 (−0.7, −0.02)363.21 348.41 −0.01 (−0.43, 0.83)
Oceania15–19 years2.59 1.51 −0.23 (−0.46, 0.16)17.71 19.71 0.47 (0.03, 1.2)
Oceania<20 years562.56 116.19 −0.8 (−1.04, −0.49)18,621.91 7420.29 −0.62 (−1.07, −0.04)
OceaniaAge-standardized506.95 101.69 ----
South Asia<5 years3785.97 202.9 −0.95 (−1.07, −0.76)6,124,618.99 321,792.25 −0.95 (−1.07, −0.76)
South Asia5–9 years136.39 52.35 −0.64 (−0.79, −0.36)204,711.37 89,163.06 −0.58 (−0.76, −0.27)
South Asia10–14 years98.23 33.35 −0.69 (−0.81, −0.49)124,864.8 59,403.94 −0.56 (−0.73, −0.28)
South Asia15–19 years8 5.13 −0.17 (−0.31, −0.04)8723.81 9058.32 0.34 (0.12, 0.55)
South Asia<20 years1179.24 70.14 −0.94 (−1.16, −0.68)6,462,918.98 479,417.57 −0.93 (−1.2, −0.59)
South AsiaAge-standardized1138.23 74.89 ----
Southeast Asia<5 years2725.84 102.77 −0.96 (−1.05, −0.88)1,621,433.36 57,844.29 −0.96 (−1.05, −0.89)
Southeast Asia5–9 years113.02 22.08 −0.77 (−0.85, −0.65)65,719.61 12,867.82 −0.77 (−0.85, −0.65)
Southeast Asia10–14 years54.36 12.9 −0.71 (−0.79, −0.6)29,677.21 7492.37 −0.7 (−0.78, −0.57)
Southeast Asia15–19 years7.52 3.38 −0.09 (−0.21, 0.03)3690.8 1911 0.05 (−0.09, 0.19)
Southeast Asia<20 years777.51 34.94 −0.95 (−1.08, −0.78)1,720,520.98 80,115.48 −0.95 (−1.09, −0.77)
Southeast AsiaAge-standardized746.24 36.18 - ---
Southern Latin America<5 years111.15 21.19 −0.82 (−2.01, 0.41)5734.42 906.53 −0.85 (−1.84, 0.17)
Southern Latin America5–9 years22.85 6.29 −0.72 (−0.94, 0.64)1140.45 324.23 −0.71 (−0.94, 0.7)
Southern Latin America10–14 years11.68 3.1 −0.69 (−0.89, −0.22)558.27 156.84 −0.67 (−0.89, −0.18)
Southern Latin America15–19 years0 0 -0 0 -
Southern Latin America<20 years38.37 7.11 −0.82 (−2.13, 0.03)7433.14 1387.6 −0.82 (−2.14, 0.04)
Southern Latin AmericaAge-standardized38.13 7.56 ----
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa<5 years2206.68 390.7 −0.84 (−0.96, −0.79)158,305.05 31,369.63 −0.83 (−0.95, −0.78)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa5–9 years89.69 51.47−0.53 (−0.73, −0.17)6107.43 4197.96 −0.44 (−0.67, −0.02)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa10–14 years49.43 29.29 −0.52 (−0.72, −0.14)3159.54 2308.4 −0.41 (−0.65, 0.07)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa15–19 years7.13 4 −0.14 (−0.37, 0.13)416.02 287.63 0.07 (−0.22, 0.41)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa<20 years640.98 122.07 −0.83 (−1.13, −0.54)167,988.04 38,163.63 −0.8 (−1.15, −0.45)
Southern Sub-Saharan AfricaAge-standardized667.92 121.80 ----
Tropical Latin America<5 years903.04 45.73 −0.95 (−1.27, −0.82)158,531.35 7868.89 −0.95 (−1.27, −0.82)
Tropical Latin America5–9 years80.15 31.5 −0.64 (−0.83, −0.25)14,915.83 5262.44 −0.68 (−0.85, −0.33)
Tropical Latin America10–14 years50.19 20.08 −0.65 (−0.8, −0.35)8923.55 3268.81 −0.68 (−0.82, −0.41)
Tropical Latin America15–19 years4.88 4.55 −0.13 (−0.28, 0.05)764.98 745.43 −0.09 (−0.25, 0.1)
Tropical Latin America<20 years263 25.75 −0.91 (−1.72, −0.35)183,135.7 17,145.55 −0.91 (−1.69, −0.37)
Tropical Latin AmericaAge-standardized299.33 25.73 ----
Western Europe<5 years5.44 1.52 −0.68 (−1.34, −0.45)1248.37 321.91 −0.71 (−1.31, −0.49)
Western Europe5–9 years3.43 0.57 −0.76 (−0.85, −0.61)807.8 130.84 −0.77 (−0.86, −0.62)
Western Europe10–14 years0.8 0.17 −0.8 (−0.87, −0.68)195.57 41.51 −0.8 (−0.87, −0.69)
Western Europe15–19 years0 0 -0 0 -
Western Europe<20 years2.29 0.54 −0.72 (−0.91, −0.61)2251.73 494.25 −0.74 (−0.91, −0.64)
Western EuropeAge-standardized1.99 0.49 ----
Western Sub-Saharan Africa<5 years12695.24 932.46 −0.91 (−0.95, −0.85)4,528,777.36 745,573.47 −0.8 (−0.88, −0.66)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa5–9 years255.81 97.89 −0.56 (−0.65, −0.45)73,088.46 70,038.97 0.11 (−0.11, 0.37)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa10–14 years162.1 71.15 −0.53 (−0.63, −0.42)38,212.13 45,004.7 0.25 (0, 0.56)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa15–19 years8.87 4.99 −0.26 (−0.37, −0.12)1732.27 2685.31 1.03 (0.74, 1.41)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa<20 years4324.36 321.44 −0.91 (−0.97, −0.78)4,641,810.22 863,302.46 −0.77 (−0.94, −0.44)
Western Sub-Saharan AfricaAge-standardized2780.72 284.27 ----
Deaths
Andean Latin America<5 years4.8 0.13 −0.98 (−0.99, −0.97)261.44 8.12 −0.97 (−0.98, −0.96)
Andean Latin America<20 years1.37 0.03 −0.98 (−0.99, −0.97)261.44 8.12 −0.97 (−0.98, −0.96)
Andean Latin AmericaAge-standardized1.40 0.03 ----
Australasia<5 years0 0 −0.77 (−0.86, −0.64)0 0 −0.73 (−0.84, −0.57)
Australasia<20 years0 0 −0.78 (−0.86, −0.64)0 0−0.73 (−0.84, −0.57)
AustralasiaAge-standardized00 ----
Caribbean<5 years10.99 3.42 −0.78 (−0.91, −0.72)454.74 132.11 −0.8 (−0.91, −0.74)
Caribbean<20 years3.01 0.87 −0.8 (−0.91, −0.74)454.74 132.11 −0.8 (−0.91, −0.74)
CaribbeanAge-standardized4.04 0.88 ----
Central Asia<5 years2.69 0.34 −0.9 (−0.94, −0.86)255.3 34.19 −0.89 (−0.94, −0.85)
Central Asia<20 years0.81 0.1 −0.9 (−0.94, −0.86)255.3 34.19 −0.89 (−0.94, −0.85)
Central AsiaAge-standardized0.87 0.09 - ---
Central Europe<5 years0.53 0.05 −0.93 (−1.01, −0.84)47.71 2.82 −0.95 (−1, −0.9)
Central Europe<20 years0.12 0.01 −0.92 (−1.01, −0.84)47.71 2.82 −0.95 (−1, −0.9)
Central EuropeAge-standardized0.18 0.01 ----
Central Latin America<5 years5.32 0.24 −0.97 (−0.98, −0.96)1217.69 48.44 −0.97 (−0.99, −0.97)
Central Latin America<20 years1.48 0.06 −0.97 (−0.99, −0.97)1217.69 48.44 −0.97 (−0.99, −0.97)
Central Latin AmericaAge-standardized1.97 0.06 ----
Central Sub-Saharan Africa<5 years91.4 3.36 −0.95 (−0.98, −0.86)9825.86 707.38 −0.9 (−0.97, −0.73)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa<20 years31.18 0.96 −0.96 (−0.99, −0.88)9825.86707.38 −0.9 (−0.97, −0.73)
Central Sub-Saharan AfricaAge-standardized17.59 0.87----
East Asia<5 years3.57 0.01 −1 (−1, −1)4274.36 7.95 −1 (−1, −1)
East Asia<20 years0.92 0 −1 (−1, - 1)4274.36 7.95 −1 (−1, −1)
East AsiaAge-standardized0.69 0.00 ----
Eastern Europe<5 years0.01 0 −0.97 (−0.98, −0.96)1.73 0.05 −0.98 (−0.99, −0.98)
Eastern Europe<20 years0 0 −0.98 (−0.98, −0.97)1.73 0.05 −0.98 (−0.99, −0.98)
Eastern EuropeAge-standardized0 0 ----
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa<5 years116.65 9.4 −0.91 (−0.97, −0.84)42,015.64 5994.17 −0.84 (−0.94, −0.71)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa<20 years37.98 2.63 −0.92 (−0.97, −0.86)42,015.64 5994.17 −0.84 (−0.94, −0.71)
Eastern Sub-Saharan AfricaAge-standardized27.02 2.43 ----
High-income Asia Pacific<5 years0.01 0 −0.94 (−0.96, −0.86)0.97 0.06 −0.96 (−0.98, −0.91)
High-income Asia Pacific<20 years0 0 −0.93 (−0.96, −0.85)0.97 0.06 −0.96 (−0.98, −0.91)
High-income Asia PacificAge-standardized0 0 ----
High-income North America<5 years0 0 −0.75 (−0.87, −0.53)0.24 0.18 −0.76 (−0.88, −0.56)
High-income North America<20 years00 −0.78 (−0.89, −0.6)0.24 0.18 −0.76 (−0.88, −0.56)
High-income North AmericaAge-standardized0 0 - ---
North Africa and Middle East<5 years24.78 1.45 −0.92 (−0.97, −0.89)13,219.21 885.63 −0.91 (−0.96, −0.86)
North Africa and Middle East<20 years7.33 0.37 −0.93 (−0.97, −0.9)13,219.21 885.63 −0.91 (−0.96, −0.86)
North Africa and Middle EastAge-standardized4.76 0.37 ----
Oceania<5 years18.71 2.67 −0.86 (−1.01, −0.62)183.92 51.68 −0.73 (−1.01, −0.27)
Oceania<20 years5.56 0.81 −0.86 (−1.01, −0.61)183.92 51.68 −0.73 (−1.01, −0.27)
OceaniaAge-standardized4.90 0.69 ----
South Asia<5 years39.96 1.15 −0.97 (−1, −0.95)64,647.38 1822.22 −0.97 (−1, −0.95)
South Asia<20 years11.8 0.27 −0.98 (−1, −0.96)64,647.38 1822.22 −0.97 (−1, −0.95)
South AsiaAge-standardized11.09 0.30 ----
Southeast Asia<5 years28.83 0.66 −0.98 (−0.99, −0.95)17,150.46 373.21 −0.98 (−0.99, −0.95)
Southeast Asia<20 years7.75 0.16 −0.98 (−0.99, −0.95)17,150.46 373.21 −0.98 (−0.99, −0.95)
Southeast AsiaAge-standardized7.34 0.17 ----
Southern Latin America<5 years0.42 0.03 −0.95 (−0.97, −0.93)21.91 1.27 −0.96 (−0.97, −0.94)
Southern Latin America<20 years0.11 0.01 −0.96 (−0.97, −0.94)21.911.27 −0.96 (−0.97, −0.94)
Southern Latin AmericaAge-standardized0.16 0.01 ----
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa<5 years23.63 3.62 −0.86 (−0.95, −0.77)1695.34 290.7 −0.85 (−0.94, −0.75)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa<20 years6.47 0.93 −0.87 (−0.95, −0.79)1695.34 290.7 −0.85 (−0.94, −0.75)
Southern Sub-Saharan AfricaAge-standardized6.54 0.94 ----
Tropical Latin America<5 years9.13 0.11 −0.99 (−0.99, −0.99)1602.49 18.82 −0.99 (−0.99, −0.99)
Tropical Latin America<20 years2.3 0.03 −0.99 (−0.99, −0.98)1602.49 18.82 −0.99 (−0.99, −0.99)
Tropical Latin AmericaAge-standardized2.61 0.03 ----
Western Europe<5 years0 0 −0.73 (−0.83, −0.65)0.77 0.34 −0.75 (−0.85, −0.67)
Western Europe<20 years0 0 −0.74 (−0.84, −0.65)0.77 0.34 −0.75 (−0.85, −0.67)
Western EuropeAge-standardized00 ----
Western Sub-Saharan Africa<5 years142.06 8.75 −0.92 (−0.98, −0.83)50,678.07 6995.06 −0.83 (−0.96, −0.62)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa<20 years47.21 2.6−0.93 (−0.98, −0.85)50,678.07 6995.06 −0.83 (−0.96, −0.62)
Western Sub-Saharan AfricaAge-standardized29.30 2.26 - ---
YLD (Years Lived with Disability)
Andean Latin America<5 years93.69 25.08 −0.75 (−0.85, −0.35)5102.94 1544.09 −0.71 (−0.83, −0.24)
Andean Latin America5–9 years60.89 20.1 −0.63 (−0.81, −0.11)3028.29 1224.61 −0.54 (−0.76, 0.1)
Andean Latin America10–14 years33.73 10.69 −0.6 (−0.77, −0.35)1559.76 624.99 −0.5 (−0.7, −0.17)
Andean Latin America15–19 years5.77 4.44 −0.07 (−0.43, 0.56)235.99 247.59 0.26 (−0.23, 1.13)
Andean Latin America<20 years51.88 15.38 −0.69 (−0.79, −0.47)9926.98 3641.27 −0.61 (−0.74, −0.34)
Andean Latin AmericaAge-standardized47.74 15.11 ----
Australasia<5 years0.67 0.09−0.73 (−0.88, −0.37)10.28 1.58 −0.68 (−0.86, −0.26)
Australasia5–9 years0.36 0.05 −0.73 (−0.96, 1.19)5.47 0.92 −0.65 (−0.95, 1.8)
Australasia10–14 years0.07 0.02 −0.67 (−0.88, −0.08)1.12 0.36 −0.58 (−0.84, 0.19)
Australasia15–19 years0 0 -0 0 -
Australasia<20 years0.27 0.04 −0.72 (−0.88, −0.22)16.87 2.86 −0.66 (−0.86, −0.06)
AustralasiaAge-standardized0.14 0.04 ----
Caribbean<5 years89.43 62.19 −0.35 (−0.58, 0.21)3701.68 2405.72 −0.39 (−0.61, 0.14)
Caribbean5–9 years52.06 55.14 −0.2 (−0.63, 0.78)1939.76 2125.92 −0.17 (−0.62, 0.84)
Caribbean10–14 years32.51 33.94 −0.23 (−0.62, 0.79)1153.62 1283.47 −0.18 (−0.6, 0.9)
Caribbean15–19 years2.67 5.5 0.29 (−0.04, 0.73)98.14 206.66 0.32 (−0.02, 0.77)
Caribbean<20 years45.69 39.45 −0.27 (−0.51, 0.11)6893.2 6021.77 −0.27 (−0.5, 0.12)
CaribbeanAge-standardized53.52 39.52 ----
Central Asia<5 years74.92 30.65 −0.58 (−0.71, −0.35)7102.05 3064.21 −0.56 (−0.7, −0.32)
Central Asia5–9 years34.66 25.39 −0.55 (−0.78, −0.05)2855.12 2394.32 −0.48 (−0.74, 0.09)
Central Asia10–14 years20.79 13.5 −0.51 (−0.71, −0.19)1505.18 1114.04 −0.44 (−0.67, −0.08)
Central Asia15–19 years3.16 3.02 0.08 (−0.3, 0.77)207.95 209.53 0.14 (−0.26, 0.86)
Central Asia<20 years37 19.59 −0.55 (−0.67, −0.35)11,670.29 6782.09 −0.51 (−0.64, −0.28)
Central AsiaAge-standardized40.58 18.35 ----
Central Europe<5 years58.02 15.95 −0.78 (−0.82, −0.73)5183.65 890.88 −0.87 (−0.89, −0.83)
Central Europe5–9 years34.18 10.76 −0.78 (−0.85, −0.65)3303.5 627.4 −0.87 (−0.91, −0.79)
Central Europe10–14 years18.49 7.29 −0.74 (−0.82, −0.62)1912.88 458.14 −0.84 (−0.89, −0.77)
Central Europe15–19 years0 0 -00 -
Central Europe<20 years26.97 8.39 −0.77 (−0.81, −0.72)10,400.03 1976.41 −0.86 (−0.89, −0.83)
Central EuropeAge-standardized37.83 8.64 - ---
Central Latin America<5 years72.68 17.91 −0.72 (−0.8, −0.47)16,639.5 3599.02 −0.76 (−0.83, −0.54)
Central Latin America5–9 years45.31 11.01 −0.67 (−0.78, −0.53)9568.59 2367.41 −0.66 (−0.77, −0.52)
Central Latin America10–14 years19.79 5.43 −0.6 (−0.72, −0.44)3975.41 1188.47 −0.57 (−0.7, −0.39)
Central Latin America15–19 years5.43 2.1 −0.12 (−0.26, 0.03)987.91 458.6 0.05 (−0.11, 0.23)
Central Latin America<20 years37.88 8.93 −0.71 (−0.78, −0.59)31,171.4 7613.5 −0.7 (−0.77, −0.57)
Central Latin AmericaAge-standardized29.43 9.24 ----
Central Sub-Saharan Africa<5 years375.64 185.96 −0.48 (−0.63, 0.15)40,381.5 39,175.01 0.05 (−0.25, 1.33)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa5–9 years221.2 87.38 −0.45 (−0.66, −0.12)18,371.54 17,407.03 0.33 (−0.16, 1.14)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa10–14 years158 87.63 −0.44 (−0.66, −0.05)10,708.39 15,505.5 0.46 (−0.11, 1.48)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa15–19 years10.04 9.72 −0.17 (−0.4, 0.14)570.68 1446.6 1.16 (0.56, 1.98)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa<20 years222.2 99.96 −0.5 (−0.62, −0.26)70,032.1273,534.15 0.19 (−0.09, 0.76)
Central Sub-Saharan AfricaAge-standardized174.65 92.92 ----
East Asia<5 years55.38 11.03 −0.8 (−0.88, −0.66)66,367.9 8832.19 −0.86 (−0.91, −0.77)
East Asia5–9 years28.47 6.57 −0.76 (−0.85, −0.62)30,904.2 6461.42 −0.78 (−0.86, −0.65)
East Asia10–14 years20.65 4.54 −0.77 (−0.86, −0.61)22,008.98 4034.04 −0.81 (−0.88, −0.68)
East Asia15–19 years2.59 2.59 0.17 (−0.09, 0.5)3382.96 2009.07 −0.3 (−0.46, −0.1)
East Asia<20 years26.35 6.19 −0.76 (−0.83, −0.67)122,664.04 21,336.72 −0.82 (−0.87, −0.75)
East AsiaAge-standardized27.29 6.26 ----
Eastern Europe<5 years2.4 0.54 −0.83 (−0.89, −0.7)413.29 54.67 −0.9 (−0.93, −0.82)
Eastern Europe5–9 years1.06 0.28 −0.78 (−0.89, −0.58)188.85 36.46 −0.84 (−0.92, −0.7)
Eastern Europe10–14 years0.54 0.23 −0.76 (−0.88, −0.54)88.55 28.79 −0.82 (−0.91, −0.65)
Eastern Europe15–19 years0 0 -0 0 -
Eastern Europe<20 years1.03 0.26 −0.81 (−0.87, −0.72)690.69 119.93 −0.87 (−0.91, −0.81)
Eastern EuropeAge-standardized1.38 0.27 ----
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa<5 years367.94 148.43 −0.61 (−0.7, −0.26)132,530.14 94,690.25 −0.32 (−0.47, 0.3)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa5–9 years210.32 96.66 −0.57 (−0.67, −0.45)61,639.15 57,479.34 −0.13 (−0.32, 0.11)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa10–14 years146.42 60.8 −0.59 (−0.68, −0.48)36,665.31 33,544.32 −0.1 (−0.3, 0.14)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa15–19 years8.46 6.13 −0.16 (−0.29, 0.01)1714.69 3015.42 1.04 (0.73, 1.43)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa<20 years210.2 82.93 −0.62 (−0.69, −0.48)232,549.3 188,729.33 −0.23 (−0.37, 0.06)
Eastern Sub-Saharan AfricaAge-standardized195.80 78.35 ----
High-income Asia Pacific<5 years5.3 0.69 −0.79 (−1.01, −0.6)542.82 44.2 −0.87 (−1.01, −0.75)
High-income Asia Pacific5–9 years4.21 0.2 −0.84 (−0.93, −0.59)501.23 15.36 −0.89 (−0.96, −0.73)
High-income Asia Pacific10–14 years2.42 0.15 −0.8 (−0.92, −0.51)316.52 12.07 −0.88 (−0.95, −0.7)
High-income Asia Pacific15–19 years0 0 -0 0 -
High-income Asia Pacific<20 years2.7 0.23 −0.8 (−0.91, −0.65)1360.58 71.63 −0.88 (−0.95, −0.79)
High-income Asia PacificAge-standardized1.33 0.26 ----
High-income North America<5 years1.43 0.25 −0.73 (−0.86, −0.12)307.9 50.24 −0.75 (−0.87, −0.17)
High-income North America5–9 years1.6 0.22 −0.7 (−0.86, −0.32)328.18 49.17 −0.68 (−0.85, −0.27)
High-income North America10–14 years0.41 0.14 −0.49 (−0.79, 0.36)78.65 31.56 −0.39 (−0.75, 0.62)
High-income North America15–19 years0 0 -0 0 -
High-income North America<20 years0.88 0.15 −0.71 (−0.83, −0.45)714.72 130.96 −0.68 (−0.81, −0.4)
High-income North AmericaAge-standardized0.50 0.15 ----
North Africa and Middle East<5 years131.52 45.6 −0.63 (−0.74, −0.28)70,156.2 27,881.4 −0.56 (−0.69, −0.14)
North Africa and Middle East5–9 years53.23 19.49 −0.6 (−0.71, −0.46)25,554.22 12,318.68 −0.47 (−0.61, −0.28)
North Africa and Middle East10–14 years28.22 13.17 −0.59 (−0.68, −0.47)11,958.69 7768.47 −0.42 (−0.55, −0.25)
North Africa and Middle East15–19 years3.02 4.35 0.11 (−0.14, 0.36)1103.41 2312.9 0.62 (0.26, 0.99)
North Africa and Middle East<20 years60.33 21.26 −0.63 (−0.72, −0.46)108,772.53 50,281.44 −0.5 (−0.62, −0.27)
North Africa and Middle EastAge-standardized53.23 20.87 ----
Oceania<5 years160.46 90.25 −0.45 (−0.63, −0.07)1577.61 1745.83 0.06 (−0.29, 0.79)
Oceania5–9 years79.24 43.21 −0.41 (−0.68, 0.13)684.04 720.55 0.12 (−0.4, 1.14)
Oceania10–14 years46.49 23.56 −0.47 (−0.7, −0.02)363.21 348.41 −0.01 (−0.43, 0.83)
Oceania15–19 years2.59 1.51 −0.23 (−0.46, 0.16)17.71 19.71 0.47 (0.03, 1.2)
Oceania<20 years79.83 44.38 −0.44 (−0.59, −0.21)2642.57 2834.5 0.07 (−0.23, 0.5)
OceaniaAge-standardized72.44 40.34 ----
South Asia<5 years316.52 100.92 −0.72 (−0.8, −0.58)512,041.07 160,057.4 −0.71 (−0.8, −0.58)
South Asia5–9 years136.39 52.35 −0.64 (−0.79, −0.36)204,711.37 89,163.06 −0.58 (−0.76, −0.27)
South Asia10–14 years98.23 33.35 −0.69 (−0.81, −0.49)124,864.8 59,403.94 −0.56 (−0.73, −0.28)
South Asia15–19 years8 5.13 −0.17 (−0.31, −0.04)8723.81 9058.32 0.34 (0.12, 0.55)
South Asia<20 years155.15 46.48 −0.72 (−0.79, −0.63)850,341.05 317,682.72 −0.65 (−0.73, −0.54)
South AsiaAge-standardized157.09 48.49 ----
Southeast Asia<5 years215.77 43.84 −0.81 (−0.85, −0.67)128,350.21 24,672.79 −0.82 (−0.85, −0.68)
Southeast Asia5–9 years113.02 22.08 −0.77 (−0.85, −0.65)65,719.61 12,867.82 −0.77 (−0.85, −0.65)
Southeast Asia10–14 years54.36 12.9 −0.71 (−0.79, −0.6)29,677.21 7492.37 −0.7 (−0.78, −0.57)
Southeast Asia15–19 years7.52 3.38 −0.09 (−0.21, 0.03)3690.8 1911 0.05 (−0.09, 0.19)
Southeast Asia<20 years102.78 20.48 −0.79 (−0.83, −0.71)227,437.83 46,943.98 −0.78 (−0.82, −0.7)
Southeast AsiaAge-standardized96.35 20.92 ----
Southern Latin America<5 years73.89 18.54 −0.7 (−0.88, −0.31)3812.33 793.36 −0.75 (−0.9, −0.43)
Southern Latin America5–9 years22.85 6.29 −0.72 (−0.94, 0.64)1140.45 324.23 −0.71 (−0.94, 0.7)
Southern Latin America10–14 years11.68 3.1 −0.69 (−0.89, −0.22)558.27 156.84 −0.67 (−0.89, −0.18)
Southern Latin America15–19 years0 0 -0 0 -
Southern Latin America<20 years28.45 6.53 −0.74 (−0.87, −0.4)5511.05 1274.42 −0.73 (−0.87, −0.39)
Southern Latin AmericaAge-standardized24.10 6.87 ----
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa<5 years147.05 68.45 −0.59 (−0.72, 0.04)10,549.4 5496.16 −0.56 (−0.7, 0.11)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa5–9 years89.69 51.47 −0.53 (−0.73, −0.17)6107.43 4197.96 −0.44 (−0.67, −0.02)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa10–14 years49.43 29.29 −0.52 (−0.72, −0.14)3159.54 2308.4 −0.41 (−0.65, 0.07)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa15–19 years7.134 −0.14 (−0.37, 0.13)416.02 287.63 0.07 (−0.22, 0.41)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa<20 years77.2 39.31 −0.57 (−0.67, −0.32)20,232.39 12,290.16 −0.49 (−0.61, −0.2)
Southern Sub-Saharan AfricaAge-standardized86.96 38.40 ----
Tropical Latin America<5 years99.53 35.98 −0.67 (−0.79, −0.24)17,472.68 6190.79 −0.67 (−0.79, −0.23)
Tropical Latin America5–9 years80.15 31.5 −0.64 (−0.83, −0.25)14,915.83 5262.44 −0.68 (−0.85, −0.33)
Tropical Latin America10–14 years50.19 20.08 −0.65 (−0.8, −0.35)8923.55 3268.81 −0.68 (−0.82, −0.41)
Tropical Latin America15–19 years4.88 4.55 −0.13 (−0.28, 0.05)764.98 745.43 −0.09 (−0.25, 0.1)
Tropical Latin America<20 years60.43 23.23 −0.65 (−0.75, −0.47)42,077.03 15,467.46 −0.67 (−0.76, −0.49)
Tropical Latin AmericaAge-standardized66.02 23.21 ----
Western Europe<5 years5.14 1.37 −0.68 (−1.21, −0.54)1181.18 291.62 −0.7 (−1.2, −0.58)
Western Europe5–9 years3.43 0.57 −0.76 (−0.85, −0.61)807.8 130.84 −0.77 (−0.86, −0.62)
Western Europe10–14 years0.8 0.17 −0.8 (−0.87, −0.68)195.57 41.51 −0.8 (−0.87, −0.69)
Western Europe15–19 years0 0 -0 0 -
Western Europe<20 years2.22 0.51 −0.72 (−0.88, −0.59)2184.54 463.96 −0.73 (−0.89, −0.62)
Western EuropeAge-standardized1.85 0.45 ----
Western Sub-Saharan Africa<5 years364.56 158.7 −0.58 (−0.67, −0.21)130,049.51 126,890.35 −0.06 (−0.26, 0.78)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa5–9 years255.8197.89 −0.56 (−0.65, −0.45)73,088.46 70,038.97 0.11 (−0.11, 0.37)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa10–14 years162.1 71.15 −0.53 (−0.63, −0.42)38,212.13 45,004.7 0.25 (0, 0.56)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa15–19 years8.87 4.99 −0.26 (−0.37, −0.12)1732.27 2685.31 1.03 (0.74, 1.41)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa<20 years226.46 91.08 −0.58 (−0.65, −0.43)243,082.37 244,619.34 0.04 (−0.12, 0.42)
Western Sub-Saharan AfricaAge-standardized193.60 84 ----
Table 3. National DALYs, mortality, and YLD for vitamin A deficiency.
Table 3. National DALYs, mortality, and YLD for vitamin A deficiency.
19902021
ASRASR
DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years)
AfghanistanAge-standardized2669.53 (10,854.88, −7371.01)347.22 (1319.32, −558.90)
AlbaniaAge-standardized274.70 (802.25, −298.30)24.06 (53.14, 5.77)
AlgeriaAge-standardized146.09 (513.26, −97.60)15.40 (26.94, 7.63)
American SamoaAge-standardized60.88 (187.08, −22.47)24.44 (72.44, −5.43)
AndorraAge-standardized1.57 (4.29, 0.06)0.31 (0.81, 0.01)
AngolaAge-standardized2979.88 (12,475.03, −9518.98)132.17 (454.18, −124.37)
Antigua and BarbudaAge-standardized28.88 (60.53, 10.66)13.72 (24.68, 7.06)
ArgentinaAge-standardized46.92 (137.69, −21.49)9.65 (26.26, 2.48)
ArmeniaAge-standardized7.77 (33.19, −8.57)0.75 (1.62, 0.22)
AustraliaAge-standardized0.03 (0.08, 0.01)0.01 (0.01, 0.00)
AustriaAge-standardized2.25 (6.23, −0.26)0.37 (1.02, 0.01)
AzerbaijanAge-standardized50.29 (213.14, −71.96)7.67 (23.87, −3.18)
BahamasAge-standardized18.27 (36.77, 6.10)11.33 (18.51, 5.88)
BahrainAge-standardized13.76 (36.11, 0.13)2.55 (5.52, 0.97)
BangladeshAge-standardized616.94 (2512.48, −1221.03)15.01 (35.67, 2.43)
BarbadosAge-standardized17.75 (39.10, 5.89)9.94 (18.32, 5.01)
BelarusAge-standardized3.35 (7.97, 0.63)0.51 (1.18, 0.15)
BelgiumAge-standardized2.22 (5.80, −0.06)0.42 (1.12, −0.03)
BelizeAge-standardized116.83 (413.61, −95.24)23.21 (46.95, 8.69)
BeninAge-standardized3020.82 (11,879.69, −9604.18)205.39 (737.17, −659.09)
BermudaAge-standardized5.94 (13.74, 1.60)1.23 (2.67, 0.42)
BhutanAge-standardized549.74 (2425.32, −3646.54)40.81 (107.77, −10.38)
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)Age-standardized240.41 (1064.34, −233.06)30.65 (81.95, 3.54)
Bosnia and HerzegovinaAge-standardized57.46 (114.96, 18.42)15.02 (29.29, 6.01)
BotswanaAge-standardized786.17 (3120.14, −1469.52)123.25 (504.87, −155.63)
BrazilAge-standardized305.58 (1260.84, −610.85)25.99 (50.89, 9.89)
Brunei DarussalamAge-standardized3.78 (7.97, 1.14)0.79 (1.90, 0.15)
BulgariaAge-standardized35.88 (74.66, 10.30)13.81 (30.54, 4.02)
Burkina FasoAge-standardized3945.97 (15,424.43, −12,513.94)415.23 (1472.99, −725.10)
BurundiAge-standardized1507.35 (5679.40, −4796.93)122.17 (447.25, −402.34)
Cabo VerdeAge-standardized1070.07 (4140.38, −1790.45)30.14 (80.81, 1.83)
CambodiaAge-standardized743.40 (2861.37, −1728.40)54.32 (130.09, 3.30)
CameroonAge-standardized2179.27 (8279.14, −6331.14)155.87 (520.38, −277.54)
CanadaAge-standardized1.17 (3.39, −0.20)0.23 (0.66, −0.03)
Central African RepublicAge-standardized2663.91 (10,791.33, −8225.08)530.80 (2127.93, −2093.95)
ChadAge-standardized4740.05 (20,103.75, −20,360.84)1110.46 (5008.96, −5026.04)
ChileAge-standardized17.47 (58.48, −10.02)1.97 (4.96, 0.04)
ChinaAge-standardized90.81 (360.91, −155.06)6.36 (10.19, 3.43)
ColombiaAge-standardized58.10 (227.77, −65.03)5.27 (11.40, 1.14)
ComorosAge-standardized1530.53 (5495.75, −3681.46)115.99 (409.88, −101.51)
CongoAge-standardized1005.92 (4232.20, −4892.06)188.32 (570.41, −427.00)
Cook IslandsAge-standardized74.46 (199.56, −0.69)10.05 (19.00, 4.36)
Costa RicaAge-standardized21.42 (65.36, −9.32)4.53 (8.78, 1.76)
CroatiaAge-standardized20.76 (40.28, 8.45)6.45 (13.48, 1.77)
CubaAge-standardized14.54 (38.18, −0.95)3.95 (8.47, 1.46)
CyprusAge-standardized6.45 (20.12, −1.02)0.54 (1.60, −0.08)
CzechiaAge-standardized22.46 (48.34, 5.60)5.63 (14.00, 0.71)
Cote d’IvoireAge-standardized1545.43 (5709.05, −4114.71)154.45 (482.02, −214.91)
Democratic People’s Republic of KoreaAge-standardized55.66 (105.95, 18.92)17.07 (31.62, 7.18)
Democratic Republic of the CongoAge-standardized1394.31 (5294.99, −4185.64)165.81 (528.45, −279.85)
DenmarkAge-standardized1.51 (4.08, 0.03)0.26 (0.73, −0.03)
DjiboutiAge-standardized1200.68 (5028.34, −2805.15)114.37 (401.61, −92.82)
DominicaAge-standardized28.22 (67.49, 4.26)13.14 (23.19, 5.68)
Dominican RepublicAge-standardized202.89 (861.48, −343.60)24.91 (62.45, 3.69)
EcuadorAge-standardized137.15 (591.25, −202.74)8.92 (16.84, 3.49)
EgyptAge-standardized248.24 (1123.53, −416.63)12.97 (31.43, 1.51)
El SalvadorAge-standardized297.28 (1351.48, −576.64)12.59 (32.36, 1.46)
Equatorial GuineaAge-standardized2269.78 (9348.81, −10236.72)47.82 (104.30, 1.28)
EritreaAge-standardized2763.66 (10,990.59, −7762.82)184.30 (707.12, −183.04)
EstoniaAge-standardized2.50 (5.73, 0.50)0.27 (0.57, 0.10)
EswatiniAge-standardized1197.12 (5042.29, −2713.19)140.58 (604.67, −158.03)
EthiopiaAge-standardized3739.87 (14,156.19, −7822.82)155.03 (519.03, −223.38)
FijiAge-standardized138.18 (473.38, −88.55)34.60 (93.80, 1.15)
FinlandAge-standardized1.77 (4.28, 0.28)0.34 (0.93, 0.02)
FranceAge-standardized0.47 (1.28, −0.01)0.15 (0.42, −0.01)
GabonAge-standardized370.88 (1405.33, −1029.48)47.39 (109.25, −14.24)
GambiaAge-standardized2111.30 (7561.58, −5093.84)242.02 (770.84, −158.19)
GeorgiaAge-standardized12.34 (43.09, −6.83)3.80 (8.02, 1.63)
GermanyAge-standardized0.56 (1.34, 0.06)0.14 (0.36, 0.02)
GhanaAge-standardized1638.14 (5915.44, −4232.79)134.80 (334.11, −15.27)
GreeceAge-standardized3.05 (7.37, 0.50)0.83 (2.06, 0.14)
GreenlandAge-standardized3.31 (13.54, −1.63)0.35 (0.83, 0.02)
GrenadaAge-standardized56.22 (121.54, 9.32)16.27 (28.49, 8.44)
GuamAge-standardized30.42 (84.05, −0.81)8.43 (21.42, 0.83)
GuatemalaAge-standardized515.80 (2222.44, −870.36)31.60 (122.99, −26.70)
GuineaAge-standardized4248.75 (16,202.31, −11,064.29)349.56 (1075.96, −607.75)
Guinea-BissauAge-standardized4075.38 (15,124.00, −10,818.46)481.82 (1615.26, −534.75)
GuyanaAge-standardized162.98 (633.92, −197.59)23.00 (50.79, 5.38)
HaitiAge-standardized1311.94 (6239.21, −3346.37)262.91 (1024.86, −268.95)
HondurasAge-standardized258.37 (1163.50, −409.66)18.43 (59.47, −1.47)
HungaryAge-standardized29.89 (62.52, 8.82)9.32 (23.26, 0.72)
IcelandAge-standardized1.44 (3.75, 0.08)0.28 (0.74, 0.01)
IndiaAge-standardized1242.12 (4642.63, −2604.28)91.75 (236.83, 3.65)
IndonesiaAge-standardized1002.26 (4372.33, −3065.65)46.75 (158.93, −30.20)
Iran (Islamic Republic of)Age-standardized51.35 (180.59, −104.83)2.93 (5.70, 1.27)
IraqAge-standardized172.95 (649.72, −207.37)17.48 (34.28, 5.71)
IrelandAge-standardized2.07 (5.09, 0.42)0.26 (0.70, 0.02)
IsraelAge-standardized15.16 (35.59, 1.21)3.72 (9.31, 0.38)
ItalyAge-standardized2.74 (6.06, 0.85)0.67 (1.57, 0.16)
JamaicaAge-standardized50.65 (147.02, −16.25)16.20 (28.58, 8.32)
JapanAge-standardized1.14 (3.34, −0.06)0.34 (1.03, −0.03)
JordanAge-standardized51.05 (117.93, 5.25)17.57 (30.83, 8.92)
KazakhstanAge-standardized168.79 (605.16, −156.11)27.65 (59.43, 11.07)
KenyaAge-standardized1325.62 (5352.39, −3979.83)200.53 (708.38, −345.84)
KiribatiAge-standardized928.98 (3866.97, −2122.29)179.23 (610.68, −186.74)
KuwaitAge-standardized14.10 (25.21, 6.48)9.54 (16.08, 4.83)
KyrgyzstanAge-standardized64.39 (252.60, −55.70)18.64 (37.11, 7.44)
Lao People’s Democratic RepublicAge-standardized2390.76 (10,169.18, −6028.17)79.09 (281.60, −44.97)
LatviaAge-standardized2.35 (5.38, 0.51)0.36 (0.77, 0.11)
LebanonAge-standardized47.48 (182.61, −28.08)3.75 (9.71, 0.15)
LesothoAge-standardized1297.43 (6006.52, −3705.75)377.68 (1820.88, −745.49)
LiberiaAge-standardized3271.83 (13,033.20, −10,058.34)207.29 (816.54, −480.44)
LibyaAge-standardized74.49 (252.82, −62.49)14.53 (24.76, 7.42)
LithuaniaAge-standardized2.60 (6.26, 0.35)0.28 (0.56, 0.11)
LuxembourgAge-standardized1.54 (3.80, 0.17)0.24 (0.64, 0.01)
MadagascarAge-standardized2028.62 (8488.15, −5435.61)232.41 (1145.09, −774.34)
MalawiAge-standardized2948.56 (11,448.21, −10,070.48)180.83 (558.60, −215.23)
MalaysiaAge-standardized46.18 (162.99, −24.06)1.51 (3.50, 0.34)
MaldivesAge-standardized641.34 (2574.75, −1753.70)17.73 (40.32, 3.93)
MaliAge-standardized4782.93 (18,430.61, −16,555.06)638.66 (1980.44, −934.96)
MaltaAge-standardized3.95 (8.91, 0.83)0.72 (1.86, 0.03)
Marshall IslandsAge-standardized424.57 (1351.60, −495.10)91.44 (193.14, 5.90)
MauritaniaAge-standardized1280.17 (5071.43, −3340.42)83.09 (253.04, −71.12)
MauritiusAge-standardized69.10 (180.26, −5.06)10.38 (21.57, 3.74)
MexicoAge-standardized241.69 (1041.54, −440.66)15.33 (37.74, 0.01)
Micronesia (Federated States of)Age-standardized417.63 (1265.60, −484.06)129.00 (310.41, −7.29)
MonacoAge-standardized0.51 (1.44, 0.00)0.13 (0.36, −0.01)
MongoliaAge-standardized48.57 (154.95, −30.09)10.33 (18.54, 4.21)
MontenegroAge-standardized19.58 (38.72, 8.69)7.24 (14.94, 3.11)
MoroccoAge-standardized618.68 (2445.62, −1094.41)28.70 (67.35, 1.20)
MozambiqueAge-standardized3273.70 (12,526.25, −8941.39)181.36 (629.03, −292.99)
MyanmarAge-standardized1991.05 (8157.65, −4992.28)54.81 (161.95, −14.38)
NamibiaAge-standardized591.67 (2362.44, −1069.78)83.09 (324.75, −107.92)
NauruAge-standardized133.26 (418.07, −74.22)48.81 (126.12, 1.12)
NepalAge-standardized1358.52 (5348.97, −2372.95)32.64 (89.19, 5.27)
NetherlandsAge-standardized1.22 (3.19, 0.08)0.30 (0.92, −0.08)
New ZealandAge-standardized0.75 (2.13, 0.18)0.21 (0.66, 0.05)
NicaraguaAge-standardized205.33 (979.42, −424.07)5.38 (13.31, 0.50)
NigerAge-standardized6224.29 (25,142.50, −24,445.85)679.22 (2578.14, −2718.01)
NigeriaAge-standardized2332.26 (9345.87, −5898.50)168.24 (632.73, −377.88)
NiueAge-standardized80.28 (243.67, −24.54)29.34 (84.31, −2.88)
North MacedoniaAge-standardized147.00 (569.50, −255.39)19.65 (44.03, 1.10)
Northern Mariana IslandsAge-standardized22.63 (57.76, 1.02)10.84 (25.17, 2.44)
NorwayAge-standardized1.21 (2.68, 0.39)0.14 (0.33, 0.04)
OmanAge-standardized89.08 (227.63, 17.28)18.57 (30.51, 9.87)
PakistanAge-standardized977.05 (3757.73, −1672.61)43.59 (132.74, −6.02)
PalauAge-standardized63.35 (207.64, −55.41)20.69 (54.26, −1.19)
PalestineAge-standardized206.49 (741.20, −236.24)17.21 (29.07, 8.82)
PanamaAge-standardized37.17 (146.42, −31.91)7.94 (21.80, −0.92)
Papua New GuineaAge-standardized573.12 (2200.20, −1131.02)101.76 (410.86, −161.41)
ParaguayAge-standardized129.83 (483.38, −125.40)19.41 (41.31, 5.76)
PeruAge-standardized163.73 (645.55, −215.83)18.41 (38.76, 6.82)
PhilippinesAge-standardized457.17 (1817.57, −929.92)37.32 (115.55, −29.50)
PolandAge-standardized36.90 (69.45, 16.19)7.17 (14.55, 2.70)
PortugalAge-standardized7.45 (19.39, −0.81)1.11 (2.65, 0.22)
Puerto RicoAge-standardized7.92 (18.48, 2.41)1.44 (3.41, 0.40)
QatarAge-standardized12.47 (42.54, −3.51)0.85 (1.88, 0.25)
Republic of KoreaAge-standardized2.65 (6.79, 0.23)0.15 (0.34, 0.03)
Republic of MoldovaAge-standardized7.51 (24.23, −2.53)1.14 (2.61, 0.28)
RomaniaAge-standardized53.34 (140.36, −11.66)11.46 (24.37, 3.23)
Russian FederationAge-standardized0.92 (2.76, −0.21)0.11 (0.23, 0.04)
RwandaAge-standardized1469.12 (5429.29, −3271.21)91.56 (335.15, −126.10)
Saint Kitts and NevisAge-standardized47.85 (155.20, −16.25)13.60 (25.32, 6.29)
Saint LuciaAge-standardized46.75 (123.55, −3.26)15.90 (29.23, 7.86)
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesAge-standardized74.50 (242.56, −36.38)19.79 (37.43, 9.00)
SamoaAge-standardized198.52 (661.68, −94.20)42.79 (88.64, 17.12)
San MarinoAge-standardized0.92 (2.43, 0.10)0.23 (0.59, 0.02)
Sao Tome and PrincipeAge-standardized1982.48 (7390.01, −4355.70)76.51 (188.20, 4.97)
Saudi ArabiaAge-standardized29.95 (121.71, −28.56)0.51 (1.14, 0.15)
SenegalAge-standardized2006.62 (7466.52, −6100.96)76.92 (230.49, −14.37)
SerbiaAge-standardized76.24 (160.42, 22.57)17.14 (33.91, 6.75)
SeychellesAge-standardized50.62 (159.96, −12.82)7.26 (14.66, 2.79)
Sierra LeoneAge-standardized3401.02 (13,721.12, −12,982.25)216.49 (818.86, −502.22)
SingaporeAge-standardized2.36 (6.55, 0.26)0.22 (0.52, 0.08)
SlovakiaAge-standardized28.13 (52.96, 12.09)6.92 (14.20, 2.30)
SloveniaAge-standardized14.08 (28.09, 6.35)3.61 (7.12, 1.39)
Solomon IslandsAge-standardized768.77 (2888.77, −1367.89)168.30 (483.72, −51.21)
SomaliaAge-standardized5437.19 (21,484.44, −16,752.38)2199.05 (9108.03, −5903.07)
South AfricaAge-standardized671.07 (2866.16, −1158.85)81.70 (310.31, −70.41)
South SudanAge-standardized3464.03 (13,992.17, −8056.73)708.43 (3175.29, −1759.12)
SpainAge-standardized1.96 (4.78, 0.27)0.40 (1.11, −0.01)
Sri LankaAge-standardized111.88 (345.39, −108.77)10.35 (19.65, 4.15)
SudanAge-standardized1678.67 (6916.70, −2998.04)62.84 (207.06, 4.04)
SurinameAge-standardized104.31 (371.90, −124.89)29.40 (69.01, 5.45)
SwedenAge-standardized1.18 (2.74, 0.36)0.23 (0.57, 0.04)
SwitzerlandAge-standardized0.73 (2.15, −0.03)0.13 (0.38, 0.00)
Syrian Arab RepublicAge-standardized170.72 (612.69, −195.12)11.42 (23.99, 4.57)
Taiwan (Province of China)Age-standardized5.69 (14.02, 0.43)0.45 (1.16, 0.06)
TajikistanAge-standardized330.62 (1437.71, −650.24)82.53 (303.79, −92.08)
ThailandAge-standardized201.15 (715.64, −144.52)9.71 (18.57, 3.64)
Timor-LesteAge-standardized1393.89 (6619.08, −4530.19)102.28 (298.95, −59.55)
TogoAge-standardized1845.41 (7463.01, −5905.06)199.94 (652.97, −410.86)
TokelauAge-standardized193.76 (677.43, −220.19)76.48 (309.52, −89.91)
TongaAge-standardized181.46 (590.16, −122.58)29.41 (59.76, 11.01)
Trinidad and TobagoAge-standardized25.59 (61.65, 3.89)11.46 (19.35, 5.90)
TunisiaAge-standardized59.96 (201.35, −20.91)9.73 (16.46, 4.86)
TurkeyAge-standardized211.10 (853.45, −290.09)7.10 (14.94, 2.37)
TurkmenistanAge-standardized108.12 (454.65, −143.27)14.66 (26.30, 6.62)
TuvaluAge-standardized613.19 (2195.24, −890.23)71.23 (190.06, −6.98)
UgandaAge-standardized1896.43 (7273.59, −3911.83)63.82 (198.71, −91.96)
UkraineAge-standardized3.44 (8.68, 0.29)0.86 (1.77, 0.31)
United Arab EmiratesAge-standardized13.61 (46.93, −2.06)1.38 (3.19, 0.37)
United KingdomAge-standardized2.16 (4.72, 0.71)0.46 (1.09, 0.17)
United Republic of TanzaniaAge-standardized1207.12 (4676.68, −2505.43)112.92 (358.65, −126.20)
United States of AmericaAge-standardized0.52 (1.30, 0.05)0.17 (0.38, 0.05)
United States Virgin IslandsAge-standardized10.10 (25.52, 2.08)1.92 (4.46, 0.61)
UruguayAge-standardized34.83 (112.42, −19.55)6.40 (15.45, 0.42)
UzbekistanAge-standardized94.88 (356.30, −81.56)17.39 (33.21, 8.41)
VanuatuAge-standardized573.16 (1993.44, −1016.81)169.77 (520.53, −146.92)
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)Age-standardized88.81 (375.18, −113.78)19.20 (61.51, −3.08)
VietnamAge-standardized228.01 (834.21, −206.64)10.11 (18.30, 4.72)
YemenAge-standardized2121.46 (8478.60, −4449.96)116.92 (317.07, 11.86)
ZambiaAge-standardized2284.07 (9076.55, −4730.44)155.61 (492.86, −161.78)
ZimbabweAge-standardized523.58 (1862.25, −755.73)193.72 (689.76, −102.21)
Deaths
AfghanistanAge-standardized28.67 (120.19, −84.02)3.24 (14.00, −6.82)
AlbaniaAge-standardized1.95 (7.06, −3.86)0.04 (0.21, −0.07)
AlgeriaAge-standardized1.19 (5.03, −1.36)0.01 (0.05, −0.01)
American SamoaAge-standardized0.39 (1.67, −0.44)0.14 (0.59, −0.14)
AndorraAge-standardized0.00 (0.01, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
AngolaAge-standardized32.28 (138.62, −107.60)0.88 (4.17, −1.82)
Antigua and BarbudaAge-standardized0.03 (0.16, −0.05)0.00 (0.02, −0.01)
ArgentinaAge-standardized0.19 (0.92, −0.38)0.01 (0.05, −0.02)
ArmeniaAge-standardized0.07 (0.33, −0.11)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
AustraliaAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
AustriaAge-standardized0.00 (0.01, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
AzerbaijanAge-standardized0.43 (2.14, −0.88)0.03 (0.17, −0.07)
BahamasAge-standardized0.03 (0.13, −0.04)0.00 (0.01, 0.00)
BahrainAge-standardized0.04 (0.19, −0.07)0.00 (0.01, 0.00)
BangladeshAge-standardized5.92 (26.53, −14.54)0.04 (0.20, −0.06)
BarbadosAge-standardized0.02 (0.11, −0.03)0.00 (0.01, 0.00)
BelarusAge-standardized0.01 (0.03, −0.01)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
BelgiumAge-standardized0.00 (0.02, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
BelizeAge-standardized0.78 (3.78, −1.42)0.03 (0.14, −0.04)
BeninAge-standardized31.77 (130.63, −109.83)0.95 (6.41, −8.49)
BermudaAge-standardized0.01 (0.04, −0.01)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
BhutanAge-standardized4.41 (24.93, −42.54)0.10 (0.58, −0.32)
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)Age-standardized2.15 (11.06, −2.97)0.09 (0.47, −0.11)
Bosnia and HerzegovinaAge-standardized0.07 (0.32, −0.13)0.01 (0.07, −0.02)
BotswanaAge-standardized7.37 (32.53, −17.42)0.92 (4.82, −2.07)
BrazilAge-standardized2.67 (12.85, −7.22)0.03 (0.15, −0.05)
Brunei DarussalamAge-standardized0.00 (0.02, −0.01)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
BulgariaAge-standardized0.04 (0.21, −0.08)0.02 (0.10, −0.03)
Burkina FasoAge-standardized40.75 (169.03, −143.48)3.16 (14.07, −9.30)
BurundiAge-standardized15.23 (61.28, −55.28)0.66 (3.85, −5.01)
Cabo VerdeAge-standardized10.63 (44.19, −20.93)0.09 (0.44, −0.12)
CambodiaAge-standardized6.16 (28.72, −20.67)0.11 (0.62, −0.26)
CameroonAge-standardized22.36 (89.96, −72.76)1.01 (4.61, −3.66)
CanadaAge-standardized0.00 (0.01, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
Central African RepublicAge-standardized27.38 (117.66, −93.96)4.09 (21.14, −24.72)
ChadAge-standardized49.81 (221.88, −231.91)10.41 (53.24, −58.40)
ChileAge-standardized0.09 (0.43, −0.16)0.00 (0.02, −0.01)
ChinaAge-standardized0.72 (3.60, −1.93)0.00 (0.01, −0.01)
ColombiaAge-standardized0.46 (2.19, −0.83)0.01 (0.06, −0.02)
ComorosAge-standardized15.35 (58.32, −42.33)0.72 (3.47, −1.52)
CongoAge-standardized9.05 (43.80, −55.81)0.52 (3.86, −5.78)
Cook IslandsAge-standardized0.35 (1.46, −0.35)0.01 (0.03, −0.01)
Costa RicaAge-standardized0.10 (0.50, −0.17)0.00 (0.02, −0.01)
CroatiaAge-standardized0.02 (0.09, −0.04)0.01 (0.05, −0.02)
CubaAge-standardized0.05 (0.22, −0.08)0.00 (0.01, 0.00)
CyprusAge-standardized0.02 (0.13, −0.03)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
CzechiaAge-standardized0.03 (0.17, −0.07)0.01 (0.07, −0.02)
Cote d’IvoireAge-standardized15.22 (61.19, −47.84)0.85 (4.05, −3.01)
Democratic People’s Republic of KoreaAge-standardized0.06 (0.31, −0.14)0.01 (0.04, −0.01)
Democratic Republic of the CongoAge-standardized13.70 (56.46, −48.08)0.70 (4.21, −3.93)
DenmarkAge-standardized0.00 (0.01, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
DjiboutiAge-standardized12.07 (53.89, −32.26)0.78 (3.67, −1.39)
DominicaAge-standardized0.06 (0.35, −0.12)0.01 (0.06, −0.02)
Dominican RepublicAge-standardized1.75 (8.81, −4.11)0.08 (0.40, −0.08)
EcuadorAge-standardized1.22 (5.91, −2.36)0.01 (0.06, −0.02)
EgyptAge-standardized2.44 (11.95, −4.82)0.03 (0.17, −0.05)
El SalvadorAge-standardized2.89 (14.31, −6.70)0.04 (0.21, −0.05)
Equatorial GuineaAge-standardized22.58 (100.90, −116.71)0.09 (0.48, −0.29)
EritreaAge-standardized28.60 (119.82, −88.97)1.18 (6.24, −2.63)
EstoniaAge-standardized0.00 (0.02, −0.01)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
EswatiniAge-standardized12.23 (54.57, −31.03)1.14 (6.01, −2.03)
EthiopiaAge-standardized39.86 (156.63, −89.92)0.97 (4.75, −3.03)
FijiAge-standardized0.99 (4.46, −1.30)0.11 (0.49, −0.14)
FinlandAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
FranceAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
GabonAge-standardized2.99 (13.88, −12.43)0.06 (0.37, −0.47)
GambiaAge-standardized20.89 (81.14, −59.18)1.44 (6.49, −2.63)
GeorgiaAge-standardized0.07 (0.35, −0.11)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
GermanyAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
GhanaAge-standardized15.89 (62.88, −49.22)0.40 (1.97, −0.99)
GreeceAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
GreenlandAge-standardized0.03 (0.13, −0.02)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
GrenadaAge-standardized0.12 (0.59, −0.24)0.00 (0.03, −0.01)
GuamAge-standardized0.14 (0.64, −0.12)0.02 (0.12, −0.03)
GuatemalaAge-standardized5.35 (24.27, −10.01)0.23 (1.20, −0.39)
GuineaAge-standardized45.32 (178.93, −126.66)2.64 (10.20, −7.70)
Guinea-BissauAge-standardized43.07 (166.44, −124.12)4.14 (16.10, −7.02)
GuyanaAge-standardized1.19 (6.07, −2.74)0.05 (0.22, −0.08)
HaitiAge-standardized13.27 (67.38, −38.70)2.04 (9.85, −3.60)
HondurasAge-standardized2.56 (12.49, −4.80)0.10 (0.49, −0.09)
HungaryAge-standardized0.04 (0.21, −0.08)0.03 (0.13, −0.04)
IcelandAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
IndiaAge-standardized12.11 (49.77, −30.48)0.36 (1.68, −0.41)
IndonesiaAge-standardized9.90 (46.99, −35.03)0.27 (1.37, −0.47)
Iran (Islamic Republic of)Age-standardized0.26 (1.44, −1.34)0.00 (0.01, 0.00)
IraqAge-standardized1.43 (6.41, −2.65)0.03 (0.14, −0.05)
IrelandAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
IsraelAge-standardized0.02 (0.09, −0.04)0.00 (0.02, −0.01)
ItalyAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
JamaicaAge-standardized0.22 (1.12, −0.41)0.01 (0.04, −0.01)
JapanAge-standardized0.00 (0.01, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
JordanAge-standardized0.10 (0.55, −0.20)0.01 (0.05, −0.01)
KazakhstanAge-standardized0.97 (4.90, −2.23)0.01 (0.04, −0.02)
KenyaAge-standardized13.26 (57.60, −45.69)1.48 (6.82, −4.41)
KiribatiAge-standardized8.91 (41.05, −24.96)1.12 (5.42, −2.63)
KuwaitAge-standardized0.01 (0.04, −0.01)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
KyrgyzstanAge-standardized0.44 (2.28, −0.78)0.02 (0.10, −0.04)
Lao People’s Democratic RepublicAge-standardized24.99 (111.50, −68.83)0.44 (2.39, −0.80)
LatviaAge-standardized0.00 (0.02, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
LebanonAge-standardized0.37 (1.72, −0.40)0.01 (0.06, −0.01)
LesothoAge-standardized13.09 (64.98, −42.41)3.58 (19.24, −8.75)
LiberiaAge-standardized34.76 (143.61, −114.64)1.53 (8.04, −5.96)
LibyaAge-standardized0.53 (2.36, −0.87)0.01 (0.05, −0.01)
LithuaniaAge-standardized0.00 (0.03, −0.01)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
LuxembourgAge-standardized0.00 (0.01, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
MadagascarAge-standardized21.16 (92.88, −62.27)1.91 (11.68, −9.24)
MalawiAge-standardized30.47 (124.78, −115.11)1.00 (4.49, −3.04)
MalaysiaAge-standardized0.37 (1.62, −0.38)0.00 (0.01, 0.00)
MaldivesAge-standardized4.93 (25.09, −21.05)0.03 (0.15, −0.05)
MaliAge-standardized50.25 (203.10, −190.00)5.22 (19.07, −11.99)
MaltaAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
Marshall IslandsAge-standardized3.16 (12.72, −6.47)0.20 (0.98, −0.52)
MauritaniaAge-standardized12.43 (54.20, −39.00)0.38 (1.79, −1.18)
MauritiusAge-standardized0.19 (0.97, −0.37)0.01 (0.05, −0.02)
MexicoAge-standardized2.32 (11.02, −5.16)0.05 (0.24, −0.09)
Micronesia (Federated States of)Age-standardized2.82 (11.43, −6.67)0.46 (1.97, −0.79)
MonacoAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
MongoliaAge-standardized0.26 (1.29, −0.52)0.01 (0.05, −0.02)
MontenegroAge-standardized0.01 (0.03, −0.01)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
MoroccoAge-standardized6.12 (25.98, −12.69)0.07 (0.37, −0.17)
MozambiqueAge-standardized34.15 (137.43, −102.28)0.96 (5.41, −4.11)
MyanmarAge-standardized20.41 (88.55, −57.29)0.20 (1.04, −0.37)
NamibiaAge-standardized5.65 (24.65, −12.66)0.59 (3.05, −1.47)
NauruAge-standardized0.81 (3.60, −1.33)0.13 (0.66, −0.22)
NepalAge-standardized13.93 (58.00, −27.44)0.10 (0.48, −0.09)
NetherlandsAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
New ZealandAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
NicaraguaAge-standardized2.02 (10.43, −4.86)0.02 (0.09, −0.02)
NigerAge-standardized66.22 (277.69, −278.63)4.90 (25.43, −32.64)
NigeriaAge-standardized25.29 (104.02, −67.48)1.50 (6.54, −4.58)
NiueAge-standardized0.40 (1.92, −0.58)0.14 (0.66, −0.15)
North MacedoniaAge-standardized1.04 (5.25, −3.19)0.04 (0.20, −0.09)
Northern Mariana IslandsAge-standardized0.08 (0.37, −0.07)0.02 (0.10, −0.03)
NorwayAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
OmanAge-standardized0.28 (1.52, −0.29)0.00 (0.02, −0.01)
PakistanAge-standardized9.54 (40.02, −19.68)0.21 (1.09, −0.25)
PalauAge-standardized0.37 (1.74, −0.84)0.07 (0.35, −0.11)
PalestineAge-standardized1.71 (7.22, −3.05)0.01 (0.04, −0.01)
PanamaAge-standardized0.26 (1.36, −0.43)0.03 (0.15, −0.05)
Papua New GuineaAge-standardized5.74 (23.47, −13.16)0.73 (3.86, −2.07)
ParaguayAge-standardized0.89 (4.32, −1.55)0.03 (0.17, −0.05)
PeruAge-standardized1.21 (6.08, −2.65)0.02 (0.13, −0.04)
PhilippinesAge-standardized4.48 (19.27, −10.68)0.17 (0.91, −0.48)
PolandAge-standardized0.02 (0.09, −0.04)0.01 (0.03, −0.01)
PortugalAge-standardized0.02 (0.07, −0.03)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
Puerto RicoAge-standardized0.01 (0.04, −0.01)0.00 (0.01, 0.00)
QatarAge-standardized0.08 (0.37, −0.08)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
Republic of KoreaAge-standardized0.01 (0.04, −0.01)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
Republic of MoldovaAge-standardized0.03 (0.16, −0.05)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
RomaniaAge-standardized0.20 (0.91, −0.38)0.02 (0.09, −0.03)
Russian FederationAge-standardized0.00 (0.02, −0.01)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
RwandaAge-standardized15.34 (59.37, −37.34)0.64 (3.19, −1.75)
Saint Kitts and NevisAge-standardized0.23 (1.19, −0.38)0.01 (0.07, −0.02)
Saint LuciaAge-standardized0.14 (0.70, −0.29)0.01 (0.03, −0.01)
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesAge-standardized0.38 (1.89, −0.67)0.01 (0.08, −0.02)
SamoaAge-standardized1.41 (5.92, −1.56)0.04 (0.19, −0.04)
San MarinoAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
Sao Tome and PrincipeAge-standardized20.19 (79.74, −50.40)0.21 (0.94, −0.34)
Saudi ArabiaAge-standardized0.27 (1.25, −0.36)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
SenegalAge-standardized19.58 (79.69, −71.34)0.34 (1.55, −0.49)
SerbiaAge-standardized0.16 (0.68, −0.21)0.01 (0.05, −0.03)
SeychellesAge-standardized0.28 (1.29, −0.32)0.01 (0.05, −0.01)
Sierra LeoneAge-standardized35.81 (150.59, −147.64)1.22 (7.44, −6.53)
SingaporeAge-standardized0.00 (0.02, −0.01)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
SlovakiaAge-standardized0.02 (0.09, −0.03)0.01 (0.04, −0.01)
SloveniaAge-standardized0.00 (0.02, −0.01)0.00 (0.01, 0.00)
Solomon IslandsAge-standardized6.91 (29.62, −16.36)0.85 (3.62, −1.30)
SomaliaAge-standardized57.61 (237.10, −191.14)21.72 (98.13, −69.35)
South AfricaAge-standardized6.69 (30.53, −13.30)0.65 (3.07, −0.93)
South SudanAge-standardized36.64 (154.04, −92.01)6.51 (33.51, −20.68)
SpainAge-standardized0.00 (0.01, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
Sri LankaAge-standardized0.53 (2.58, −1.68)0.01 (0.04, −0.01)
SudanAge-standardized17.53 (75.70, −34.47)0.30 (1.71, −0.24)
SurinameAge-standardized0.67 (3.35, −1.71)0.07 (0.35, −0.10)
SwedenAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
SwitzerlandAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
Syrian Arab RepublicAge-standardized1.50 (6.15, −2.40)0.01 (0.06, −0.01)
Taiwan (Province of China)Age-standardized0.01 (0.06, −0.02)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
TajikistanAge-standardized3.13 (15.05, −7.62)0.60 (2.94, −1.24)
ThailandAge-standardized1.64 (7.09, −2.00)0.01 (0.06, −0.02)
Timor-LesteAge-standardized13.79 (71.22, −51.68)0.46 (2.36, −1.17)
TogoAge-standardized18.10 (79.99, −68.27)1.12 (5.57, −5.41)
TokelauAge-standardized1.41 (6.35, −2.98)0.61 (3.03, −1.17)
TongaAge-standardized1.41 (5.70, −1.79)0.04 (0.17, −0.04)
Trinidad and TobagoAge-standardized0.06 (0.30, −0.09)0.00 (0.02, −0.01)
TunisiaAge-standardized0.42 (1.87, −0.37)0.00 (0.02, 0.00)
TurkeyAge-standardized1.91 (8.82, −3.49)0.01 (0.05, −0.01)
TurkmenistanAge-standardized0.96 (4.66, −1.74)0.01 (0.06, −0.02)
TuvaluAge-standardized5.52 (22.48, −10.72)0.26 (1.21, −0.44)
UgandaAge-standardized19.75 (79.30, −44.97)0.30 (1.56, −1.30)
UkraineAge-standardized0.01 (0.03, −0.01)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
United Arab EmiratesAge-standardized0.07 (0.36, −0.06)0.00 (0.01, 0.00)
United KingdomAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
United Republic of TanzaniaAge-standardized11.95 (50.07, −29.29)0.73 (3.15, −1.72)
United States of AmericaAge-standardized0.00 (0.00, 0.00)0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
United States Virgin IslandsAge-standardized0.02 (0.09, −0.03)0.00 (0.01, 0.00)
UruguayAge-standardized0.17 (0.83, −0.32)0.01 (0.06, −0.02)
UzbekistanAge-standardized0.63 (3.16, −1.15)0.00 (0.02, −0.01)
VanuatuAge-standardized5.21 (20.77, −12.15)1.11 (4.64, −2.17)
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)Age-standardized0.80 (3.90, −1.38)0.10 (0.50, −0.11)
VietnamAge-standardized2.15 (8.75, −2.52)0.01 (0.03, 0.00)
YemenAge-standardized21.93 (92.64, −51.10)0.54 (2.53, −0.46)
ZambiaAge-standardized23.67 (98.79, −54.33)1.00 (4.24, −2.32)
ZimbabweAge-standardized4.76 (18.96, −9.13)3.24 (14.00, −6.82)
YLD (Years Lived with Disability)
AfghanistanAge-standardized135.86 (239.09, 57.16)60.76 (101.98, 33.64)
AlbaniaAge-standardized102.23 (205.13, 50.64)20.12 (39.84, 9.65)
AlgeriaAge-standardized40.60 (82.17, 18.11)14.44 (24.53, 7.83)
American SamoaAge-standardized26.11 (45.66, 12.71)12.15 (22.96, 5.55)
AndorraAge-standardized1.44 (3.71, 0.17)0.31 (0.80, 0.01)
AngolaAge-standardized126.50 (237.61, 15.35)53.73 (93.23, 28.79)
Antigua and BarbudaAge-standardized26.16 (50.99, 12.82)13.37 (24.22, 7.13)
ArgentinaAge-standardized30.32 (71.60, 8.97)8.86 (24.28, 2.90)
ArmeniaAge-standardized1.91 (3.97, 0.69)0.70 (1.47, 0.25)
AustraliaAge-standardized0.03 (0.07, 0.01)0.01 (0.01, 0.00)
AustriaAge-standardized2.17 (5.79, −0.14)0.36 (0.97, 0.03)
AzerbaijanAge-standardized11.87 (24.65, 4.99)4.85 (9.20, 2.25)
BahamasAge-standardized15.98 (28.41, 8.30)11.18 (18.44, 5.85)
BahrainAge-standardized10.43 (20.77, 4.55)2.36 (4.85, 1.02)
BangladeshAge-standardized94.54 (174.02, 40.13)11.69 (20.63, 5.84)
BarbadosAge-standardized15.91 (32.00, 7.72)9.75 (17.76, 5.08)
BelarusAge-standardized2.90 (5.80, 1.20)0.50 (1.15, 0.16)
BelgiumAge-standardized1.95 (4.66, 0.34)0.35 (0.85, 0.07)
BelizeAge-standardized47.51 (88.26, 23.68)20.74 (38.79, 10.93)
BeninAge-standardized215.42 (362.15, 100.25)120.89 (205.88, 65.41)
BermudaAge-standardized5.23 (11.14, 2.19)1.20 (2.58, 0.43)
BhutanAge-standardized158.05 (257.00, 89.28)32.32 (77.66, 13.83)
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)Age-standardized49.87 (90.52, 22.46)22.47 (45.12, 11.05)
Bosnia and HerzegovinaAge-standardized51.47 (98.01, 25.16)13.94 (26.32, 6.62)
BotswanaAge-standardized133.69 (248.28, 57.47)41.62 (86.65, 18.77)
BrazilAge-standardized66.50 (115.96, 31.57)23.49 (40.74, 12.53)
Brunei DarussalamAge-standardized3.41 (7.25, 1.31)0.71 (1.81, 0.22)
BulgariaAge-standardized32.17 (64.04, 15.21)12.02 (23.55, 5.56)
Burkina FasoAge-standardized344.12 (563.13, 162.56)134.74 (230.20, 73.46)
BurundiAge-standardized163.10 (286.14, 69.29)64.10 (119.81, 32.72)
Cabo VerdeAge-standardized128.49 (256.37, 48.38)22.43 (49.55, 10.13)
CambodiaAge-standardized195.39 (352.92, 90.18)44.54 (86.77, 21.38)
CameroonAge-standardized204.49 (343.63, 85.81)66.35 (123.26, 33.20)
CanadaAge-standardized1.07 (2.96, −0.04)0.17 (0.38, 0.06)
Central African RepublicAge-standardized239.72 (405.65, 107.08)167.17 (279.03, 89.57)
ChadAge-standardized341.23 (586.65, 155.17)190.30 (336.47, 100.25)
ChileAge-standardized9.73 (19.78, 3.36)1.64 (3.48, 0.58)
ChinaAge-standardized27.17 (45.65, 13.27)6.15 (9.61, 3.48)
ColombiaAge-standardized17.58 (33.69, 7.70)4.30 (7.18, 2.18)
ComorosAge-standardized174.28 (360.32, 62.28)52.57 (114.57, 24.86)
CongoAge-standardized203.38 (357.59, 70.03)141.76 (251.90, 76.33)
Cook IslandsAge-standardized43.70 (87.88, 21.03)9.39 (17.03, 4.65)
Costa RicaAge-standardized12.33 (22.55, 5.88)4.22 (7.52, 2.05)
CroatiaAge-standardized19.32 (36.11, 9.71)5.61 (10.60, 2.59)
CubaAge-standardized10.44 (22.05, 4.66)3.69 (7.54, 1.50)
CyprusAge-standardized4.25 (9.67, 1.03)0.50 (1.32, 0.02)
CzechiaAge-standardized19.41 (38.04, 8.91)4.46 (9.01, 1.89)
Cote d’IvoireAge-standardized198.50 (330.34, 101.83)78.77 (139.33, 38.98)
Democratic People’s Republic of KoreaAge-standardized50.29 (91.00, 24.03)16.21 (28.92, 7.40)
Democratic Republic of the CongoAge-standardized181.72 (318.90, 81.95)103.41 (174.05, 56.79)
DenmarkAge-standardized1.30 (3.22, 0.26)0.24 (0.62, 0.02)
DjiboutiAge-standardized132.89 (275.15, 49.36)45.78 (94.73, 21.64)
DominicaAge-standardized22.53 (39.71, 12.41)11.95 (19.00, 6.56)
Dominican RepublicAge-standardized46.98 (84.17, 22.51)17.76 (30.10, 9.47)
EcuadorAge-standardized28.67 (73.25, 3.74)7.93 (12.96, 4.08)
EgyptAge-standardized32.04 (65.06, 11.19)10.04 (16.94, 5.12)
El SalvadorAge-standardized40.19 (80.24, 15.42)8.95 (15.46, 4.62)
Equatorial GuineaAge-standardized269.02 (445.13, 121.25)39.90 (70.62, 21.24)
EritreaAge-standardized241.71 (467.10, 83.01)80.34 (177.88, 37.33)
EstoniaAge-standardized2.15 (4.37, 0.84)0.27 (0.55, 0.11)
EswatiniAge-standardized112.96 (220.07, 39.25)38.64 (79.07, 17.82)
EthiopiaAge-standardized222.55 (361.38, 106.64)69.11 (112.68, 38.35)
FijiAge-standardized50.86 (90.40, 24.87)24.53 (54.26, 10.97)
FinlandAge-standardized1.72 (4.01, 0.36)0.33 (0.86, 0.04)
FranceAge-standardized0.41 (1.02, 0.06)0.14 (0.38, 0.00)
GabonAge-standardized105.54 (191.92, 51.07)42.27 (83.66, 20.68)
GambiaAge-standardized268.79 (473.74, 141.23)114.60 (226.53, 57.66)
GeorgiaAge-standardized6.25 (13.54, 2.56)3.72 (7.75, 1.60)
GermanyAge-standardized0.52 (1.22, 0.10)0.13 (0.31, 0.04)
GhanaAge-standardized236.31 (391.76, 108.17)99.63 (179.56, 50.33)
GreeceAge-standardized3.03 (7.31, 0.53)0.82 (2.01, 0.15)
GreenlandAge-standardized0.90 (2.16, 0.24)0.28 (0.57, 0.11)
GrenadaAge-standardized45.13 (77.41, 23.38)15.85 (27.64, 8.65)
GuamAge-standardized18.40 (35.04, 7.86)6.27 (12.33, 2.68)
GuatemalaAge-standardized41.55 (76.00, 16.66)10.94 (20.16, 5.47)
GuineaAge-standardized247.79 (405.73, 120.93)116.70 (204.48, 60.13)
Guinea-BissauAge-standardized277.27 (511.38, 129.88)116.79 (215.85, 58.77)
GuyanaAge-standardized56.42 (107.15, 27.82)18.80 (34.30, 9.93)
HaitiAge-standardized132.17 (243.89, 62.01)80.89 (168.32, 38.34)
HondurasAge-standardized31.12 (54.72, 14.94)9.74 (17.80, 4.89)
HungaryAge-standardized26.32 (50.81, 12.62)7.05 (13.81, 3.25)
IcelandAge-standardized1.40 (3.62, 0.15)0.27 (0.69, 0.02)
IndiaAge-standardized171.15 (274.49, 90.31)59.70 (98.90, 33.40)
IndonesiaAge-standardized124.43 (216.61, 44.09)22.77 (39.31, 11.26)
Iran (Islamic Republic of)Age-standardized28.25 (56.74, 11.53)2.79 (5.33, 1.30)
IraqAge-standardized46.58 (88.07, 21.54)15.13 (25.28, 7.99)
IrelandAge-standardized2.02 (4.86, 0.49)0.25 (0.67, 0.03)
IsraelAge-standardized13.48 (28.23, 4.01)3.30 (7.36, 0.93)
ItalyAge-standardized2.65 (5.77, 0.93)0.62 (1.31, 0.22)
JamaicaAge-standardized30.74 (53.38, 15.91)15.55 (27.58, 8.23)
JapanAge-standardized0.94 (2.44, 0.16)0.31 (0.90, −0.01)
JordanAge-standardized41.90 (73.79, 21.37)16.77 (28.29, 9.29)
KazakhstanAge-standardized81.89 (175.61, 35.89)26.87 (58.06, 11.07)
KenyaAge-standardized150.40 (250.42, 56.25)69.31 (107.87, 39.13)
KiribatiAge-standardized139.62 (254.96, 60.00)79.78 (146.83, 41.00)
KuwaitAge-standardized13.45 (22.41, 7.08)9.51 (16.07, 4.82)
KyrgyzstanAge-standardized24.83 (48.19, 12.22)16.86 (31.03, 8.76)
Lao People’s Democratic RepublicAge-standardized176.40 (335.50, 55.97)40.31 (74.14, 19.43)
LatviaAge-standardized2.09 (4.21, 0.77)0.35 (0.76, 0.12)
LebanonAge-standardized14.89 (30.93, 6.68)2.80 (5.77, 1.20)
LesothoAge-standardized135.24 (254.67, 47.40)58.40 (114.22, 30.30)
LiberiaAge-standardized195.75 (339.13, 85.84)72.06 (129.52, 37.07)
LibyaAge-standardized27.45 (50.63, 13.79)13.68 (22.45, 7.48)
LithuaniaAge-standardized2.17 (4.37, 0.86)0.27 (0.54, 0.12)
LuxembourgAge-standardized1.41 (3.27, 0.35)0.22 (0.53, 0.04)
MadagascarAge-standardized158.56 (301.11, 51.10)62.95 (119.78, 32.23)
MalawiAge-standardized253.11 (430.01, 118.46)92.64 (179.05, 46.25)
MalaysiaAge-standardized13.17 (23.47, 6.52)1.33 (2.65, 0.52)
MaldivesAge-standardized204.16 (393.86, 93.83)15.12 (29.70, 6.99)
MaliAge-standardized349.35 (601.72, 156.59)178.31 (332.10, 97.82)
MaltaAge-standardized3.89 (8.65, 0.90)0.70 (1.75, 0.06)
Marshall IslandsAge-standardized144.96 (239.66, 77.42)74.10 (140.35, 38.28)
MauritaniaAge-standardized183.54 (357.79, 82.59)49.12 (104.73, 22.88)
MauritiusAge-standardized52.41 (106.71, 21.05)9.44 (17.95, 4.52)
MexicoAge-standardized34.98 (59.12, 15.07)11.02 (17.74, 6.15)
Micronesia (Federated States of)Age-standardized168.12 (292.45, 89.69)87.97 (162.49, 47.09)
MonacoAge-standardized0.49 (1.38, 0.01)0.13 (0.34, 0.00)
MongoliaAge-standardized25.69 (42.20, 13.65)9.45 (15.59, 5.01)
MontenegroAge-standardized18.96 (37.20, 9.10)7.16 (14.92, 3.11)
MoroccoAge-standardized76.04 (144.00, 26.71)22.20 (38.88, 12.15)
MozambiqueAge-standardized255.48 (431.48, 111.61)96.15 (177.01, 50.12)
MyanmarAge-standardized186.68 (351.06, 66.57)36.83 (74.48, 15.92)
NamibiaAge-standardized91.00 (184.76, 37.85)30.39 (60.63, 14.68)
NauruAge-standardized61.62 (126.50, 30.22)37.03 (77.50, 17.74)
NepalAge-standardized127.89 (255.87, 52.65)23.77 (52.78, 10.77)
NetherlandsAge-standardized1.17 (2.88, 0.17)0.28 (0.83, −0.05)
New ZealandAge-standardized0.69 (1.87, 0.22)0.20 (0.63, 0.06)
NicaraguaAge-standardized26.04 (51.96, 7.62)3.89 (6.58, 1.91)
NigerAge-standardized375.55 (646.93, 157.85)245.18 (395.74, 142.59)
NigeriaAge-standardized100.68 (174.55, 44.71)35.67 (58.11, 19.46)
NiueAge-standardized45.28 (90.24, 21.64)17.03 (31.82, 8.33)
North MacedoniaAge-standardized54.33 (103.76, 24.36)16.01 (30.13, 7.48)
Northern Mariana IslandsAge-standardized15.59 (31.55, 6.96)8.79 (17.60, 3.72)
NorwayAge-standardized1.19 (2.61, 0.41)0.14 (0.31, 0.04)
OmanAge-standardized64.03 (113.66, 33.91)18.28 (29.79, 9.86)
PakistanAge-standardized132.59 (256.01, 62.37)25.35 (44.57, 14.09)
PalauAge-standardized30.28 (60.42, 13.69)14.34 (28.17, 6.91)
PalestineAge-standardized55.75 (101.07, 28.52)16.58 (27.45, 8.88)
PanamaAge-standardized13.67 (27.22, 5.41)5.34 (9.30, 2.49)
Papua New GuineaAge-standardized64.60 (126.01, 27.31)36.74 (75.46, 16.23)
ParaguayAge-standardized50.44 (105.30, 12.32)16.36 (28.57, 8.51)
PeruAge-standardized55.89 (113.05, 18.64)16.22 (29.50, 8.33)
PhilippinesAge-standardized60.78 (119.19, 13.63)21.93 (39.43, 10.95)
PolandAge-standardized35.22 (66.27, 17.11)6.68 (13.33, 2.88)
PortugalAge-standardized6.07 (13.36, 1.44)1.05 (2.42, 0.28)
Puerto RicoAge-standardized7.17 (15.67, 2.96)1.34 (3.06, 0.47)
QatarAge-standardized5.73 (11.13, 2.55)0.80 (1.68, 0.28)
Republic of KoreaAge-standardized2.04 (4.08, 0.74)0.13 (0.29, 0.05)
Republic of MoldovaAge-standardized4.84 (11.10, 1.83)1.05 (2.26, 0.35)
RomaniaAge-standardized35.88 (66.26, 18.14)9.84 (19.20, 4.39)
Russian FederationAge-standardized0.63 (1.32, 0.25)0.11 (0.20, 0.05)
RwandaAge-standardized115.84 (216.93, 32.39)34.70 (60.16, 18.31)
Saint Kitts and NevisAge-standardized27.74 (53.24, 13.75)12.53 (21.53, 6.63)
Saint LuciaAge-standardized33.83 (66.34, 16.67)15.26 (27.51, 8.05)
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesAge-standardized40.94 (80.17, 20.18)18.50 (33.47, 9.67)
SamoaAge-standardized73.56 (142.32, 34.66)39.02 (76.75, 18.62)
San MarinoAge-standardized0.87 (2.21, 0.13)0.23 (0.57, 0.02)
Sao Tome and PrincipeAge-standardized198.04 (349.73, 90.91)58.06 (119.39, 26.63)
Saudi ArabiaAge-standardized6.09 (11.83, 2.65)0.45 (0.93, 0.17)
SenegalAge-standardized278.89 (504.69, 135.29)46.85 (100.51, 21.44)
SerbiaAge-standardized62.43 (113.30, 32.91)16.27 (31.34, 7.79)
SeychellesAge-standardized25.64 (50.88, 12.13)6.40 (10.94, 3.33)
Sierra LeoneAge-standardized234.43 (392.86, 93.57)107.78 (185.29, 58.13)
SingaporeAge-standardized2.00 (5.78, 0.63)0.21 (0.50, 0.08)
SlovakiaAge-standardized26.39 (49.99, 12.49)6.34 (12.14, 2.84)
SloveniaAge-standardized13.67 (26.72, 6.35)3.47 (6.92, 1.45)
Solomon IslandsAge-standardized156.14 (276.40, 80.19)93.02 (185.63, 47.12)
SomaliaAge-standardized353.40 (600.90, 147.23)282.36 (491.02, 156.47)
South AfricaAge-standardized76.48 (145.53, 27.36)23.88 (40.55, 12.40)
South SudanAge-standardized224.65 (394.56, 94.91)131.13 (239.15, 67.77)
SpainAge-standardized1.87 (4.44, 0.38)0.37 (1.00, 0.02)
Sri LankaAge-standardized64.94 (126.09, 31.19)9.55 (17.00, 4.82)
SudanAge-standardized129.42 (250.36, 47.67)36.43 (62.71, 19.59)
SurinameAge-standardized44.06 (84.31, 22.08)22.71 (41.44, 12.18)
SwedenAge-standardized1.17 (2.70, 0.37)0.22 (0.51, 0.05)
SwitzerlandAge-standardized0.67 (1.86, 0.05)0.13 (0.35, 0.01)
Syrian Arab RepublicAge-standardized38.49 (78.32, 15.05)10.22 (19.95, 4.93)
Taiwan (Province of China)Age-standardized4.71 (9.63, 1.74)0.44 (1.08, 0.08)
TajikistanAge-standardized52.04 (102.82, 21.04)29.13 (48.89, 16.12)
ThailandAge-standardized55.93 (99.01, 24.92)8.69 (15.02, 4.47)
Timor-LesteAge-standardized168.59 (308.66, 51.92)61.53 (112.68, 30.59)
TogoAge-standardized246.85 (399.63, 113.80)101.01 (174.51, 55.19)
TokelauAge-standardized69.17 (129.38, 34.99)22.71 (45.15, 11.02)
TongaAge-standardized57.10 (101.01, 29.39)26.30 (50.05, 12.75)
Trinidad and TobagoAge-standardized20.54 (38.49, 10.19)11.12 (18.91, 5.88)
TunisiaAge-standardized22.77 (40.29, 10.84)9.33 (15.44, 4.83)
TurkeyAge-standardized41.94 (82.23, 17.92)6.29 (11.90, 2.89)
TurkmenistanAge-standardized22.62 (40.92, 11.26)13.48 (22.46, 7.58)
TuvaluAge-standardized124.48 (235.09, 62.67)48.64 (101.99, 23.56)
UgandaAge-standardized149.71 (266.53, 63.71)37.66 (68.07, 19.24)
UkraineAge-standardized2.86 (5.95, 1.09)0.83 (1.69, 0.34)
United Arab EmiratesAge-standardized7.52 (16.08, 2.95)1.26 (2.74, 0.45)
United KingdomAge-standardized2.12 (4.54, 0.76)0.45 (1.06, 0.18)
United Republic of TanzaniaAge-standardized149.88 (258.11, 74.48)48.41 (93.23, 22.87)
United States of AmericaAge-standardized0.44 (0.93, 0.15)0.15 (0.32, 0.06)
United States Virgin IslandsAge-standardized8.70 (19.72, 3.63)1.80 (4.05, 0.68)
UruguayAge-standardized20.02 (50.78, 6.29)5.32 (12.93, 1.73)
UzbekistanAge-standardized38.41 (81.38, 17.66)17.04 (32.66, 8.36)
VanuatuAge-standardized111.35 (186.04, 52.94)71.47 (123.51, 38.45)
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)Age-standardized17.59 (30.46, 8.59)10.25 (18.16, 5.13)
VietnamAge-standardized38.29 (74.03, 13.92)9.62 (16.83, 4.89)
YemenAge-standardized176.94 (333.16, 67.50)69.33 (111.64, 39.88)
ZambiaAge-standardized190.92 (349.06, 76.49)67.63 (128.38, 33.64)
ZimbabweAge-standardized101.32 (189.98, 44.57)60.76 (101.98, 33.64)
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MDPI and ACS Style

Lin, K.; Qi, Y.; Sun, J. Trend and Burden of Vitamin A Deficiency in 1990–2021 and Projection to 2050: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Nutrients 2025, 17, 572. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030572

AMA Style

Lin K, Qi Y, Sun J. Trend and Burden of Vitamin A Deficiency in 1990–2021 and Projection to 2050: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Nutrients. 2025; 17(3):572. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030572

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin, Kelly, Yanfei Qi, and Jing Sun. 2025. "Trend and Burden of Vitamin A Deficiency in 1990–2021 and Projection to 2050: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021" Nutrients 17, no. 3: 572. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030572

APA Style

Lin, K., Qi, Y., & Sun, J. (2025). Trend and Burden of Vitamin A Deficiency in 1990–2021 and Projection to 2050: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Nutrients, 17(3), 572. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030572

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