The Profiles of Diet- or Exercise-Related Self-Efficacy and Social Support Associated with Insufficient Fruit/Vegetable Intake and Exercise in Women with Abdominal Obesity
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Setting
2.3. Participants
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Measurement
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Daily Fruit/Vegetable Intake and Exercise Behaviors
3.3. Latent Profile Analysis of Diet-Related Self-Efficacy (Diet-SE) and Social Support (Diet-SS)
3.4. Diet Dual-Low Group Associated with Less than Five Servings of Daily Fruit/Vegetable Intake
3.5. Associating Factors of the Diet Dual-Low Group
3.6. Latent Profile Analysis of Exercise-Related Self-Efficacy (Exercise-SE) and Social Support (Exercise-SS)
3.7. Exercise Dual-Low Group and Exercise-SS Medium–Low Group Associated with Less than 30 Min of Daily Exercise
3.8. Associating Factors of the Exercise Dual-Low Group and the Exercise-SS Medium–Low Group
4. Discussion
4.1. Implication for Research and Practice
4.2. Limitation
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n (%) | M (IQR a) |
---|---|---|
Age, years | 36.00 (33.00, 40.00) | |
Residence | ||
Urban | 240 (73.4) | |
Rural | 87 (26.6) | |
Ethnicity | ||
Han Chinese | 300 (91.7) | |
Minority | 27 (8.3) | |
Marital status | ||
Married | 322 (98.5) | |
Single | 5 (1.5) | |
Education | ||
9 years or less | 86 (26.3) | |
10 years or more | 241 (73.7) | |
Occupation | ||
Part-time job or no job | 219 (67.0) | |
Full-time job | 108 (33.0) | |
Monthly income | ||
≤1500 RMB (233 dollars) | 81 (24.8) | |
>1500 RMB (233 dollars) | 246 (75.2) | |
Number of pregnancies | 2.00 (2.00, 3.00) | |
Age of the youngest child | ||
1–5 years | 123 (37.6) | |
6–12 years | 204 (62.4) | |
WC b, cm | 86.00 (82.00, 93.00) | |
BMI c | ||
<24.0 | 140 (42.8) | |
24.0–27.9 | 125 (38.2) | |
≥28.0 | 62 (19.0) | |
With any chronic disease | ||
No | 165 (50.5) | |
Yes | 162 (49.5) | |
Family history of diabetes | ||
No | 267 (81.7) | |
Yes | 60 (18.3) | |
Family history of CVD d | ||
No | 275 (84.1) | |
Yes | 52 (15.9) | |
Family history of hypertension | ||
No | 192 (58.7) | |
Yes | 135 (41.3) |
Variables | Profiles | AIC a | BIC b | aBIC c | LMR d | BLRT e | Entropy | Category Probability | Case Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diet-related self-efficacy and social support | 1 | 3255.622 | 3270.782 | 3258.094 | — — | — — | — — | 1 | 327 |
2 | 3238.975 | 3265.505 | 3243.301 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.01 | 0.916 | 0.963/0.037 | 315/12 | |
3 | 3234.859 | 3272.759 | 3241.039 | p = 0.257 | p = 0.05 | 0.780 | 0.107/0.841/0.052 | 35/275/17 | |
4 | 3229.831 | 3279.101 | 3237.865 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | 0.821 | 0.046/0.055/0.847/0.052 | 15/18/277/17 | |
5 | 3230.968 | 3291.607 | 3240.856 | p = 0.612 | p = 0.375 | 0.722 | 0.768/0.055/0.07/0.067/0.040 | 251/18/23/22/13 | |
Exercise-related self-efficacy and social support | 1 | 3740.222 | 3755.382 | 3742.694 | — — | — — | — — | 1 | 327 |
2 | 3666.209 | 3692.738 | 3670.535 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.01 | 0.561 | 0.529/0.471 | 173/154 | |
3 | 3649.924 | 3687.824 | 3656.104 | p = 0.251 | p < 0.01 | 0.671 | 0.572/0.080/0.349 | 187/26/114 | |
4 | 3645.926 | 3695.195 | 3653.960 | p = 0.729 | p = 0.146 | 0.779 | 0.125/0.119/0.443/0.312 | 41/39/145/102 | |
5 | 3579.451 | 3640.090 | 3589.339 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.01 | 0.918 | 0.122/0.281/0.364/0.180/0.052 | 40/92/119/59/17 |
Variables | p | OR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Profiles of diet-SE and diet-SS | |||
Diet Dual-Low Group | 0.015 | 0.129 | (0.025, 0.672) |
Diet-SE Medium Group | 0.490 | 0.693 | (0.244, 1.964) |
Diet-SE High Group | 0.712 | 1.340 | (0.284, 6.319) |
(Ref. Diet Dual-Medium Group) | |||
Age | 0.248 | 1.028 | (0.981, 1.078) |
Residence | |||
Urban | 0.527 | 1.213 | (0.667, 2.206) |
(Ref. Rural) | |||
Ethnicity | |||
Han Chinese | 0.823 | 1.104 | (0.463, 2.632) |
(Ref. Minority) | |||
Marital status | |||
Married | 0.864 | 0.841 | (0.115, 6.145) |
(Ref. Single) | |||
Education | |||
9 years or less | 0.082 | 0.546 | (0.276, 1.080) |
(Ref. 10 years or more) | |||
Occupation | |||
Part-time job or no job | 0.262 | 1.383 | (0.785, 2.438) |
(Ref. Full-time job) | |||
Monthly income | |||
≤233 dollars | 0.256 | 1.441 | (0.767, 2.706) |
(Ref. > 233 dollars) | |||
Number of pregnancies | 0.187 | 0.863 | (0.693, 1.074) |
Age of the youngest child | |||
1–5 years | 0.484 | 0.825 | (0.482, 1.413) |
(Ref. 6–12 years) | |||
WC a | 0.921 | 1.002 | (0.968, 1.036) |
BMI b | |||
<24.0 | 0.972 | 0.987 | (0.461, 2.112) |
24.0–27.9 | 0.131 | 0.573 | (0.278, 1.179) |
(Ref. ≥ 28.0) | |||
With any chronic disease | |||
No | 0.013 | 1.852 | (1.140, 3.008) |
(Ref. Yes) | |||
Family history of diabetes | |||
No | 0.301 | 0.723 | (0.392, 1.336) |
(Ref. Yes) | |||
Family history of CVD c | |||
No | 0.836 | 0.932 | (0.481, 1.808) |
(Ref. Yes) | |||
Family history of hypertension | |||
No | 0.509 | 1.182 | (0.719, 1.943) |
(Ref. Yes) |
Outcome * | Variables | p | OR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Profiles of Diet-SE and Diet-SS | Ethnicity | |||
Han Chinese | 0.058 | 0.278 | (0.074, 1.042) | |
(Ref. Minority) | ||||
Marital status | ||||
Married | 0.011 | 0.061 | (0.007, 0.525) | |
(Ref. Divorced/widowed) | ||||
Monthly income | ||||
≤233 dollars | 0.003 | 4.735 | (1.702, 13.171) | |
(Ref. > 233 dollars) | ||||
Profiles of Exercise-SE and Exercise-SS | Occupation | |||
Part-time job or no job | 0.047 | 0.602 | (0.364, 0.994) | |
(Ref. Full-time job) | ||||
Monthly income | ||||
≤233 dollars | 0.037 | 0.541 | (0.304, 0.964) | |
(Ref. > 233 dollars) | ||||
With any chronic disease | ||||
No | 0.004 | 0.506 | (0.316, 0.809) | |
(Ref. Yes) |
Variables | p | OR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Profiles of Exercise-SE and Exercise-SS | |||
Exercise Dual-Low Group | <0.001 | 0.046 | (0.010, 0.213) |
Exercise-SS Medium–Low Group | 0.002 | 0.136 | (0.037, 0.495) |
Exercise Dual-Medium–Low Group | 0.097 | 0.347 | (0.099, 1.213) |
Exercise Dual-Medium–High Group | 0.642 | 1.388 | (0.349, 5.527) |
(Ref. Exercise-SE High Group) | |||
Age | 0.025 | 1.060 | (1.007, 1.115) |
Residence | |||
Urban | 0.484 | 0.787 | (0.403, 1.539) |
(Ref. Rural) | |||
Ethnicity | |||
Han Chinese | 0.155 | 0.523 | (0.214, 1.279) |
(Ref. Minority) | |||
Marital status | |||
Married | 0.920 | 1.114 | (0.136, 9.131) |
(Ref. Single) | |||
Education | |||
9 years or less | 0.150 | 0.566 | (0.261, 1.229) |
(Ref. 10 years or more) | |||
Occupation | |||
Part-time job or no job | 0.123 | 1.632 | (0.876, 3.038) |
(Ref. Full-time job) | |||
Monthly income | |||
≤233 dollars | 0.112 | 1.770 | (0.875, 3.581) |
(Ref. > 233 dollars) | |||
Number of pregnancies | 0.166 | 0.842 | (0.660, 1.074) |
Age of the youngest child | |||
1–5 years | 0.229 | 1.444 | (0.794, 2.629) |
(Ref. 6–12 years) | |||
WC a | 0.915 | 1.002 | (0.966, 1.040) |
BMI b | |||
<24.0 | 0.568 | 1.281 | (0.548, 2.993) |
24.0–27.9 | 0.664 | 1.193 | (0.538, 2.647) |
(Ref. ≥ 28.0) | |||
With any chronic disease | |||
No | 0.057 | 1.689 | (0.984, 2.899) |
(Ref. Yes) | |||
Family history of diabetes | |||
No | 0.458 | 0.773 | (0.392, 1.524) |
(Ref. Yes) | |||
Family history of CVD c | |||
No | 0.798 | 0.908 | (0.434, 1.900) |
(Ref. Yes) | |||
Family history of hypertension | |||
No | 0.711 | 0.902 | (0.522, 1.559) |
(Ref. Yes) |
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Zeng, Y.; Long, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Li, J.; Rao, Z.; Zhong, J.; Guo, J. The Profiles of Diet- or Exercise-Related Self-Efficacy and Social Support Associated with Insufficient Fruit/Vegetable Intake and Exercise in Women with Abdominal Obesity. Nutrients 2025, 17, 2478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152478
Zeng Y, Long Q, Jiang Y, Li J, Rao Z, Zhong J, Guo J. The Profiles of Diet- or Exercise-Related Self-Efficacy and Social Support Associated with Insufficient Fruit/Vegetable Intake and Exercise in Women with Abdominal Obesity. Nutrients. 2025; 17(15):2478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152478
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeng, Yanjing, Qing Long, Yan Jiang, Jieqian Li, Zhenzhen Rao, Jie Zhong, and Jia Guo. 2025. "The Profiles of Diet- or Exercise-Related Self-Efficacy and Social Support Associated with Insufficient Fruit/Vegetable Intake and Exercise in Women with Abdominal Obesity" Nutrients 17, no. 15: 2478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152478
APA StyleZeng, Y., Long, Q., Jiang, Y., Li, J., Rao, Z., Zhong, J., & Guo, J. (2025). The Profiles of Diet- or Exercise-Related Self-Efficacy and Social Support Associated with Insufficient Fruit/Vegetable Intake and Exercise in Women with Abdominal Obesity. Nutrients, 17(15), 2478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152478