Low-Carb and Ketogenic Diets in Type 1 Diabetes: Efficacy and Safety Concerns
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology for Literature Search
3. Carbohydrate Restriction in the Pathogenesis of T1DM: Pathophysiology Insights
4. Carbohydrate Restriction in Adult Patients with T1DM
5. Carbohydrate Restriction in Children with T1DM: Are There Any Special Concerns?
6. Beyond Metabolic Control: Challenges and Concerns
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Size/ Mean Follow-Up/ Diet [Reference] | Mean Age (y) | BMI (kg/m2) | HbA1c (%) | TIR (%) | Insulin (U/d) | Hypoglycemia | Body Weight (kg) | GV | Lipids |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16 patients/ 16 weeks/ LCD/KD [39] | 42.8 | 31.8 | −0.6% | 16% | −16 | ≠ | −2.4 | −0.8 SD | ≠ |
48 patients/ 4 years/ LCD [37] | 52 | 25.9 | −1.8% (adherent) | n/a | ≠ | n/a | n/a | n/a | +12% HDL ↑ TC/HDL |
10 patients/ 12 weeks/ LCD [38] | 44.6 | 27.5 | −0.7% | n/a | −22.2 | n/a | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ |
22 patients/ 12 months/ LCD [36] | 51 | − | −1.1% | n/a | −8.7 | −2.4 episodes/week | ↓ | n/a | −25% TGs |
14 patients/ 12 weeks/ LCD [40] | 44 | 25 | ≠ | n/a | ≠ | −1.7% TBR | −2.0 | CV −4.8% | ≠ |
33 patients/ 12 months/ VLCD [41] | 41.6 | 23.9 | −1.5% | ≠ | −7.8 | −30% Level 2 | −2.9 | CV −10% | −14.1% LDL |
11 patients/ 7 days/ KD [42] | 36.1 | 23.4 | Normal levels | 74 ± 20% | n/a | 0.9 episodes/day | n/a | CV 26 ± 8% | LDL: 5.5 mmol/L TC: 7.9 mmol/L |
10 patients/ 2 weeks/ KD [44] | 48 | 24.8 | ≠ | +11% | −10.1 | −4.7% | ≠ | −7.7% CV | ≠ |
26 patients/ 55 weeks/ LCD/KD [45] | 35 | 27 | −2% −0.8% GMI | +18% | −13 | −26 min over 2 weeks | n/a | n/a | n/a |
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Korakas, E.; Kountouri, A.; Petrovski, G.; Lambadiari, V. Low-Carb and Ketogenic Diets in Type 1 Diabetes: Efficacy and Safety Concerns. Nutrients 2025, 17, 2001. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122001
Korakas E, Kountouri A, Petrovski G, Lambadiari V. Low-Carb and Ketogenic Diets in Type 1 Diabetes: Efficacy and Safety Concerns. Nutrients. 2025; 17(12):2001. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122001
Chicago/Turabian StyleKorakas, Emmanouil, Aikaterini Kountouri, Goran Petrovski, and Vaia Lambadiari. 2025. "Low-Carb and Ketogenic Diets in Type 1 Diabetes: Efficacy and Safety Concerns" Nutrients 17, no. 12: 2001. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122001
APA StyleKorakas, E., Kountouri, A., Petrovski, G., & Lambadiari, V. (2025). Low-Carb and Ketogenic Diets in Type 1 Diabetes: Efficacy and Safety Concerns. Nutrients, 17(12), 2001. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122001