Next Article in Journal
EAT–Lancet Recommendations and Their Viability in Chile (2014–2023): A Decade-Long Cost Comparison Between a Healthy and Sustainable Basket and the Basic Food Basket
Previous Article in Journal
Glycemic Control and Quality of Life Among People with Type 1 Diabetes: Relationships with Insulin Therapy and Carbohydrate Counting
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Nutrients
Volume 17
Issue 12
10.3390/nu17121952
nutrients-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Iodine and Selenium Status in Relation to Thyroid and Immune Functions—The Analysis of Their Dependencies in a Group of Women of Reproductive Age from the Southern Region of Poland

by
Jadwiga Kryczyk-Kozioł
1,*,
Ewelina Prochownik
1,
Justyna Dobrowolska-Iwanek
1,
Paweł Paśko
1,
Krzysztof Kleszcz
2,
Renata Francik
3,
Halina Potok
3,
Magdalena Nieckula
4,
Urszula Cisoń-Apanasewicz
3,
Paulina Jabłońska
4,
Dorota Ogonowska
3,
Grażyna Kuzera
3,
Mirosław Krośniak
1,
Sanja Klobučar
5 and
Paweł Zagrodzki
1,*
1
Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
2
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences in Tarnów, Mickiewicza 8, 33-100 Tarnow, Poland
3
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Academy of Applied Sciences in Nowy Sącz, Kościuszki 2G, 33-300 Nowy Sącz, Poland
4
Medical Institute, Academy of Applied Sciences in Nowy Targ, Kokoszków 71, 34-400 Nowy Targ, Poland
5
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 1952; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121952 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 19 May 2025 / Revised: 3 June 2025 / Accepted: 5 June 2025 / Published: 7 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selenium and Iodine in Human Health and Disease)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Objectives:Iodine and selenium are key elements for thyroid. There is also evidence of their immunoregulatory potential. However, the current state of knowledge of potential interactions among iodine—selenium—thyroid—immune system is not sufficient. The aim of the study was to evaluate iodine and selenium statuses and examine the relationship between them and the functioning of the thyroid and immune system in a group of women of reproductive age, without previously diagnosed disease. Methods: The study involved a group of 60 women aged 19–40 from southern Poland. The concentrations of iodine and selenium were determined in serum samples using the ICP-MS and AAS methods, respectively. Thyroid function was assessed by determining serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO) by electrochemiluminescence methods. Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in serum were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Immune functions were evaluated by analyzing cytokine levels using ELISA tests, including interferon-γ, interleukin-4, interleukin-17, and transforming growth factor-β. Results: No significant correlations between selenium and thyroid or immunological parameters were observed. The level of iodine in serum positively correlated with free thyroxine, indicating its importance for maintaining normal thyroid function, as well as with FRAP in serum, suggesting a protective role of iodine-mediated antioxidant activity on thyroid function. Conclusions: Our results underline the complexity of the system of correlations between iodine–selenium–thyroid–immune function. Nevertheless, understanding them may turn out to be crucial for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies in the context of thyroid diseases.
Keywords: iodine; selenium; thyroid gland; immune system; women; trace element; serum iodine; selenium; thyroid gland; immune system; women; trace element; serum

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kryczyk-Kozioł, J.; Prochownik, E.; Dobrowolska-Iwanek, J.; Paśko, P.; Kleszcz, K.; Francik, R.; Potok, H.; Nieckula, M.; Cisoń-Apanasewicz, U.; Jabłońska, P.; et al. Iodine and Selenium Status in Relation to Thyroid and Immune Functions—The Analysis of Their Dependencies in a Group of Women of Reproductive Age from the Southern Region of Poland. Nutrients 2025, 17, 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121952

AMA Style

Kryczyk-Kozioł J, Prochownik E, Dobrowolska-Iwanek J, Paśko P, Kleszcz K, Francik R, Potok H, Nieckula M, Cisoń-Apanasewicz U, Jabłońska P, et al. Iodine and Selenium Status in Relation to Thyroid and Immune Functions—The Analysis of Their Dependencies in a Group of Women of Reproductive Age from the Southern Region of Poland. Nutrients. 2025; 17(12):1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121952

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kryczyk-Kozioł, Jadwiga, Ewelina Prochownik, Justyna Dobrowolska-Iwanek, Paweł Paśko, Krzysztof Kleszcz, Renata Francik, Halina Potok, Magdalena Nieckula, Urszula Cisoń-Apanasewicz, Paulina Jabłońska, and et al. 2025. "Iodine and Selenium Status in Relation to Thyroid and Immune Functions—The Analysis of Their Dependencies in a Group of Women of Reproductive Age from the Southern Region of Poland" Nutrients 17, no. 12: 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121952

APA Style

Kryczyk-Kozioł, J., Prochownik, E., Dobrowolska-Iwanek, J., Paśko, P., Kleszcz, K., Francik, R., Potok, H., Nieckula, M., Cisoń-Apanasewicz, U., Jabłońska, P., Ogonowska, D., Kuzera, G., Krośniak, M., Klobučar, S., & Zagrodzki, P. (2025). Iodine and Selenium Status in Relation to Thyroid and Immune Functions—The Analysis of Their Dependencies in a Group of Women of Reproductive Age from the Southern Region of Poland. Nutrients, 17(12), 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121952

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop