The Acute and Long-Term Benefits of the Oligoantigenic Diet for Children and Adolescents on the Three Symptom Subdomains of ADHD: Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.2.1. Pre-Diet Phase (T0–T1)
2.2.2. Diet Phase (T1–T2)
2.2.3. Reintroduction Phase (T2–T4)
2.2.4. Follow-Up (T5)
2.2.5. Outcome Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Post-Diet Analysis
3.3. Total Score
3.3.1. Impulsivity
3.3.2. Inattention
3.3.3. Hyperactivity
3.3.4. Competence
3.4. Post-Diet Analysis: Changes in Statement Blocks A and B
3.5. Follow-Up Analysis
3.6. Total Score
3.6.1. Impulsivity
3.6.2. Inattention
3.6.3. Hyperactivity
3.6.4. Competence
3.7. Responder and Non-Responder Results
4. Discussion
- The intervention produced a statistically significant reduction in ADHD symptoms across all core domains, including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
- Sustained clinical benefits at the 3.5-year follow-up, suggesting long-term efficacy.
- A responder rate of 66.7%, consistent with previous research, supporting the robustness of the oligoantigenic diet.
Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Post-Diet | Follow-Up | |
---|---|---|
Included (n) | 31 | 21 |
Age (M ± SD) (Range) | 10.50 ± 2.28 (7–15) | 14.10 ± 2.09 (12–18) |
Gender (m/f) | 22/9 | 15/6 |
Comorbidities (ICD-10) |
|
|
Time Point | Number of Participants | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Pre-Diet | 34 | 100% |
Post-Diet | 31 | 91% |
Follow-Up | 21 | 62% |
Medication | Responders n = 14 (66%) | Non-Responders n = 7 (33%) |
---|---|---|
Yes | 2 (14%) | 3 (42%) |
No | 10 (72%) | 2 (29%) |
No Answer | 2 (14%) | 2 (29%) |
Time Points | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Diet | Post-Diet | rmANOVA | |||||
Scale | M | SD | M | SD | F (1. 30) | p | d |
Total Score | 1.72 | 0.52 | 1.03 | 0.62 | 51.37 | 0.000 | 1.20 |
Impulsivity | 1.59 | 0.80 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 20.78 | 0.000 | 0.78 |
Inattention | 2.06 | 0.54 | 1.32 | 0.60 | 54.86 | 0.000 | 1.32 |
Hyperactivity | 1.36 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.69 | 28.81 | 0.000 | 0.87 |
Competence | 0.69 | 0.47 | 0.94 | 0.59 | 11.02 | 0.001 | −0.46 |
Time Points | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Diet | Post-Diet | Follow-Up | rmANOVA | ||||||
Scale | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F (2. 40) | p | η2p |
Total Score | 1.69 | 0.52 | 0.86 | 0.49 | 0.81 | 0.45 | 39.64 | 0.000 | 0.42 |
Impulsivity | 1.76 | 0.77 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.64 | 0.57 | 29.90 | 0.000 | 0.31 |
Inattention | 2.03 | 0.50 | 1.13 | 0.49 | 1.16 | 0.43 | 34.72 | 0.000 | 0.45 |
Hyperactivity | 1.22 | 0.76 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.45 | 0.60 | 20.06 | 0.000 | 0.24 |
Competence | 0.66 | 0.49 | 0.99 | 0.57 | 1.05 | 0.62 | 6.23 | 0.004 | 0.09 |
Multivariate | Univariate | ||
---|---|---|---|
Interaction: | Symptom category × Time | F(4, 17) = 1.24, p = 0.332 | F(4, 80) = 2.20, p = 0.076 |
Main effect: | Symptom category | F(2, 19) = 20.60, p < 0.001 | F(2, 40) = 23.00, p < 0.001 |
Main effect: | Time | F(2, 19) = 28.71, p < 0.001 | F(2, 40) = 40.63, p < 0.001 |
Total Score | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Diet | Post-Diet | Follow-Up | |||||
Sample | n | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD |
Responder | 14 | 1.72 | 0.55 | 0.73 | 0.42 | 0.65 | 0.27 |
Non-Responder | 7 | 1.64 | 0.48 | 1.14 | 0.52 | 1.12 | 0.58 |
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Eder, K.; Schneider-Momm, K.; Puce, T.K.; Tobergte, M.; Clement, H.-W.; Rauh, R.; Schulz, E.; Biscaldi, M.; Clement, C.; Fleischhaker, C. The Acute and Long-Term Benefits of the Oligoantigenic Diet for Children and Adolescents on the Three Symptom Subdomains of ADHD: Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity. Nutrients 2025, 17, 1916. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111916
Eder K, Schneider-Momm K, Puce TK, Tobergte M, Clement H-W, Rauh R, Schulz E, Biscaldi M, Clement C, Fleischhaker C. The Acute and Long-Term Benefits of the Oligoantigenic Diet for Children and Adolescents on the Three Symptom Subdomains of ADHD: Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity. Nutrients. 2025; 17(11):1916. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111916
Chicago/Turabian StyleEder, Karolin, Katja Schneider-Momm, Tanja Karola Puce, Maja Tobergte, Hans-Willi Clement, Reinhold Rauh, Eberhard Schulz, Monica Biscaldi, Christina Clement, and Christian Fleischhaker. 2025. "The Acute and Long-Term Benefits of the Oligoantigenic Diet for Children and Adolescents on the Three Symptom Subdomains of ADHD: Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity" Nutrients 17, no. 11: 1916. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111916
APA StyleEder, K., Schneider-Momm, K., Puce, T. K., Tobergte, M., Clement, H.-W., Rauh, R., Schulz, E., Biscaldi, M., Clement, C., & Fleischhaker, C. (2025). The Acute and Long-Term Benefits of the Oligoantigenic Diet for Children and Adolescents on the Three Symptom Subdomains of ADHD: Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity. Nutrients, 17(11), 1916. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111916