Residential Greenness, Lifestyle, and Vitamin D: A Longitudinal Cohort of South Asian Origin and Caucasian Ethnicity Women Living in the South of the UK
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Location
2.2. Recruitments’ Method
2.3. Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
2.4. Evaluation of 25(OH)D and PTH Concentration
2.5. Vitamin D Intake
2.6. UVR Dosimetry
2.7. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index—NDVI
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nonparametric Results
3.2. Multi-Level Logistic Regression Model
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region 1 | Region 2 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ethnicity | Asian | 15 (16%) | 79 (84%) | 0.01 |
Caucasian | 162 (60%) | 109 (40%) | ||
Age | 55 (35–61) | 49 (36.8–59.2) | 0.29 | |
IMD | 14.1 (11.3–15.3) | 18.8 (5.8–30.8) | <0.001 | |
Residential greenness | 0.28 (0.24–0.3) | 0.24 (0.21–0.28) | <0.001 |
Region 1 + 2 | |||
25(OH) D | <25 | <50 | <75 |
Summer | |||
Caucasian | 0.4 | 22.1 | 68 |
Asian | 48.8 | <91.7 | <98.8 |
Fall | |||
Caucasian | 1.9 | 41.4 | 80 |
Asian | 77.2 | <96.5 | 100 |
Winter | |||
Caucasian | 8.5 | 68.1 | <94.7 |
Asian | 71.7 | 95 | 98.3 |
Spring | |||
Caucasian | 7.1 | <61.7 | <91.8 |
Asian | 70.2 | 93 | 100 |
Season | Region | Caucasian | Asian | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | Summer | 1 | 66 (52.4–82.1) | 35.4 (22.6–52.8) | <0.001 |
2 | 64.5 (50.8–77.6) | 25 (20.6–30.4) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 65.1 (51.7–79.5) | 25 (20.4–32.1) | <0.001 | ||
Fall | 1 | 54.2 (44–73.8) | 22.7 (15.2–46.2) | 0.002 | |
2 | 54 (41–67) | 19.1 (15.3–22.9) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 53.9 (43.5–58.3) | 18.7 (14.9–24.5) | <0.001 | ||
Winter | 1 | 43.7 ± 16.5 | 27.4 ± 14 | <0.001 | |
2 | 41 (30.7–54.1) | 16.2 (13.7–23.7) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 40.7 (30.3–53.3) | 16.7 (13.8–25.3) | <0.001 | ||
Spring 2007 | 1 | 49.6 ± 23.1 | 28.8 ± 15.4 | <0.001 | |
2 | 46.8 ± 17 | 23.5 ± 13.3 | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 44.3 (34.3–57.7) | 19 (14.7–30.6) | <0.001 | ||
Spring 2008 | 1 | 48.3 ± 16.2 | 36.1 ± 15.5 | 0.02 | |
2 | 49 ± 21.2 | 25.9 ± 11.7 | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 45.9 (35.9–63.6) | 23 (18.3–32.5) | <0.001 | ||
Average UVR exposure (SED) | Summer | 1 | 3.6 (1.8–6.04) | 0.7 (0.4–1.7) | <0.001 |
2 | 2.6 (1.5–5.1) | 0.8 (0.1–1.4) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 3.2 (1.6–5.9) | 0.7 (0.2–1.5) | <0.001 | ||
Fall | 1 | 0.11 (0.01–0.6) | 0.12 (0.01–0.3) | 0.16 | |
2 | 0.2 (0.03–0.7) | 0.06 (0.02–0.2) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 0.2 (0.03–0.7) | 0.1 (0.01–0.2) | 0.003 | ||
Winter | 1 | 0.1 (0.05–0.3) | 0.1 (0.07–0.2) | 0.35 | |
2 | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.1 (0.04–0.3) | 0.71 | ||
1 + 2 | 0.1 (0.06–0.3) | 0.1 (0.06–0.3) | 0.48 | ||
Spring | 1 | 2.4 (1.2–3.4) | 1.6 (1.1–2.6) | 0.23 | |
2 | 1.4 (0.6–2.6) | 1 (0.3–2.4) | 0.13 | ||
1 + 2 | 1.9 (0.8–3.2) | 1 (0.4–2.4) | 0.007 | ||
PTH (pmol/L) | Summer | 1 | 2.8 (2.1–3.5) | 3.45 (2.85–3.95) | 0.02 |
2 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 2.6 (2–3.4) | 3.4 (2.7–4.3) | <0.001 | ||
Fall | 1 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.2 | 0.1 | |
2 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 1.5 | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 3.8 ± 1.5 | <0.001 | ||
Winter | 1 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 0.24 | |
2 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 4.2 ± 1.8 | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 4.1 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | ||
Spring | 1 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 1.6 | 0.1 | |
2 | 2.5 ± 1 | 3.9 ± 2 | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 3.8 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | ||
Residential greenness | Spring | 1 | 0.28 (0.24–0.3) | 0.29 (0.28–0.31) | 0.03 |
2 | 0.23 (0.21–0.28) | 0.23 (0.21–0.28) | 0.21 | ||
1 + 2 | 0.27 (0.21–0.29) | 0.24 (0.22–0.27) | 0.03 |
Activity | Season | Region | Caucasian | Asian | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total time walking per day (in minutes) | Summer | 1 | 60 (28–120) | 42.5 (11–60) | 0.12 |
2 | 60 (30–120) | 60 (20–90) | 0.02 | ||
1 + 2 | 60 (30–120) | 55 (20–90) | 0.02 | ||
Fall | 1 | 60 (30–120) | 40 (12–60) | 0.06 | |
2 | 60 (30–120) | 30 (0–90) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 60 (30–120) | 30 (0–82.5) | <0.001 | ||
Winter | 1 | 60 (20–120) | 60 (15–90) | 0.65 | |
2 | 60 (30–120) | 30 (5–75) | 0.01 | ||
1 + 2 | 60 (30–120) | 40 (15–90) | 0.08 | ||
Spring | 1 | 60 (30–120) | 15 (0–30) | 0.02 | |
2 | 60 (30–120) | 45 (20–81) | 0.04 | ||
1 + 2 | 60 (30–120) | 45 (15–70) | 0.005 |
Activity | Season | Region | Caucasian | Asian | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hours per day in housework | Summer | 1 | 2 (1–2) | 3 (2–3.8) | 0.005 |
2 | 1 (1–2) | 3 (2–4) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 1.5 (1–2) | 3 (2–4) | <0.001 | ||
Fall | 1 | 1 (1–2) | 3 (1.1–4) | 0.06 | |
2 | 1 (1–2) | 3 (2–4) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 1 (1–2) | 3 (1.6–4) | <0.001 | ||
Winter | 1 | 1 (1–2) | 3 (1.5–4) | 0.04 | |
2 | 1 (1–2) | 3 (1–4) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 1 (1–2) | 2.5 (1–4) | <0.001 | ||
Spring | 1 | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–4) | 0.03 | |
2 | 1 (1–2) | 2.5 (1.3–4) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–4) | <0.001 | ||
Hours per day in paid work | Summer | 1 | 5 (0–8) | 0 (0–7.9) | 0.13 |
2 | 6 (0–8) | 0 (0–5.3) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 5 (0–8) | 0 (0–5.3) | <0.001 | ||
Fall | 1 | 5 (0–7.8) | 0 (0–7.5) | 0.13 | |
2 | 6 (0–8) | 0 (0–7.5) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 5 (0–8) | 0 (0–7.5) | <0.001 | ||
Winter | 1 | 4.5 (0–7.5) | 0 (0–0) | 0.04 | |
2 | 6 (0–8) | 2 (0–6) | 0.002 | ||
1 + 2 | 5 (0–8) | 0 (0–5.3) | <0.001 | ||
Spring | 1 | 5 (0–7.8) | 0 (0–7.5) | 0.13 | |
2 | 6 (0–8) | 0 (0–7.5) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 5 (0–8) | 0 (0–7.5) | <0.001 | ||
Days per week in housework | Summer | 1 | 4 (2–7) | 7 (5.5–7) | <0.001 |
2 | 4 (2–7) | 7 (5–7) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 4 (2–7) | 7 (5–7) | <0.001 | ||
Fall | 1 | 4 (2–6.5) | 6 (2–7) | 0.31 | |
2 | 4 (2–7) | 7 (5–7) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 4 (2–7) | 7 (5–7) | <0.001 | ||
Winter | 1 | 4 (2–7) | 7 (2–7) | 0.25 | |
2 | 5 (3–7) | 7 (5–7) | 0.002 | ||
1 + 2 | 5 (2.8–7) | 7 (4.8–7) | 0.001 | ||
Spring | 1 | 5 (3–7) | 7 (7–7) | 0.01 | |
2 | 5 (3–6) | 7 (5–7) | <0.001 | ||
1 + 2 | 5 (3–7) | 7 (6–7) | <0.001 | ||
Days per week in paid work | Summer | 1 | 3 (0–5) | 0 (0–4.3) | 0.045 |
2 | 3 (0–5) | 0 (0–5) | 0.009 | ||
1 + 2 | 3 (0–5) | 0 (0–5) | <0.001 | ||
Fall | 1 | 3 (0–5) | 0 (0–5) | 0.009 | |
2 | 3 (0–5) | 0 (0–5) | 0.01 | ||
1 + 2 | 3 (0–5) | 0 (0–5) | 0.004 | ||
Winter | 1 | 3 (0–5) | 0 (0–0) | 0.03 | |
2 | 3 (0–5) | 1 (0–5) | 0.048 | ||
1 + 2 | 3 (0–5) | 0 (0–5) | 0.01 | ||
Spring | 1 | 3 (0–5) | 0 (0–5) | 0.1 | |
2 | 3 (0–5) | 0 (0–5) | 0.03 | ||
1 + 2 | 3 (0–5) | 0 (0–5) | 0.01 |
Parameter | Estimate (Beta) | LCL (0.025) | UCL (0.975) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −1.92 | −2.54 | −1.30 | <0.0001 |
NDVI 1000 | 0.29 | −0.34 | 0.92 | 0.37 |
UVR | 0.52 | −0.15 | 1.19 | 0.13 |
Vitamin D intake | 0.46 | −0.17 | 1.09 | 0.15 |
Ethnic Asian | 2.38 | 1.37 | 3.38 | <0.001 |
PTH | 1.28 | 0.44 | 2.11 | 0.003 |
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Santana, K.V.d.S.d.; Ribeiro, H.; Darling, A.; Rios, I.H.R.; Lanham-New, S. Residential Greenness, Lifestyle, and Vitamin D: A Longitudinal Cohort of South Asian Origin and Caucasian Ethnicity Women Living in the South of the UK. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081214
Santana KVdSd, Ribeiro H, Darling A, Rios IHR, Lanham-New S. Residential Greenness, Lifestyle, and Vitamin D: A Longitudinal Cohort of South Asian Origin and Caucasian Ethnicity Women Living in the South of the UK. Nutrients. 2024; 16(8):1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081214
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantana, Keila Valente de Souza de, Helena Ribeiro, Andrea Darling, Israel Henrique Ribeiro Rios, and Susan Lanham-New. 2024. "Residential Greenness, Lifestyle, and Vitamin D: A Longitudinal Cohort of South Asian Origin and Caucasian Ethnicity Women Living in the South of the UK" Nutrients 16, no. 8: 1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081214
APA StyleSantana, K. V. d. S. d., Ribeiro, H., Darling, A., Rios, I. H. R., & Lanham-New, S. (2024). Residential Greenness, Lifestyle, and Vitamin D: A Longitudinal Cohort of South Asian Origin and Caucasian Ethnicity Women Living in the South of the UK. Nutrients, 16(8), 1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081214